CANADA, DOMINION OF. 



CHEMISTRY. (CHEMICAL THEORY.) 



Railways and Canals. The oflicial reports 

 for 1900 showed a railway mileage in the Do- 

 minion of 17,824, and a total paid-up capital of 

 $998,208,405. Of the cost of these railways the 

 Dominion Government had contributed at the rate 

 of $8,952 per mile, the provincial governments 

 $1,756 per mile, and the municipalities $891. On 

 June 30, 1900, there were 17,657 miles in opera- 

 tion; a train mileage for the year of 55,177,877; a 

 total of passengers carried, 21,500,175; tons of 

 freight, 35,946,183. The earnings of all the roads 

 were $70,740,270, and the working expenses $47,- 

 699,798. The Government railways the Inter- 

 colonial and Prince Edward Island lines had a 

 passenger traffic in 1900 of $1,477,468, a freight 

 traffic of $2,996,418, and a total earning power of 

 $4,726,810. Their mileage was 1,511; paid-up 

 capital, $64,636,200; the passengers carried were 

 1,939,225; and the freight was 2,213,455 tons. The 

 receipts were $4,726,810, as against $3,903,343 in 

 1899, and the expenses $4,652,336, as against $3,- 

 893,739 in 1899. 



The Canadian Pacific Railway annual report 

 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, was made 

 public in September, and showed gross earnings 

 of $30,855,203, and working expenses of $18,745,- 

 828. Fixed charges for interest amounted to $7,- 

 305,835, and the surplus for the year was $5,736,- 

 965. The half-yearly dividend to April 1 was $2,- 

 224,086, and to Oct. 1 $2,248,420. The cost of the 

 railway and equipment was given as $225,353,616, 

 and that of the ocean, lake, and river steamships 

 at $4,123,591. The value of acquired securities 

 held against debenture stock issued was stated 

 at $34,589,455, and of real estate, hotels, and 

 buildings held by trustees for the company at 

 $1,448,381. Other securities were placed at $2,- 

 190,161, while the balances due on lands sold and 

 tow r n sites was stated at $3,652,869. Advances to 

 various railways and interests amounted to over 

 $10,000,000, and the total assets were $291,518,- 

 571. The liabilities included $65,000,000 of capital 

 stock, $91,540,082 of other stock, $47,238,086 of 

 mortgage bonds, $17,831,000 of other bonds, $4,- 

 364,851 of current accounts, and interest due of 

 $1,828,279. The total cash subsidies from Do- 

 minion Government, provincial governments, and 

 municipalities were $29,930,590, the proceeds of 

 land grant sales were $22,663,120, and the sur- 

 plus earnings account was $11,122,560. The 

 mileage of the railway was 6,873 in 1900. 



The Grand Trunk Railway had a mileage in 

 1900 of 3,138, and a paid-up capital of $344,760,- 

 896. It carried in that year 6,214,374 passengers 

 and 9,621,705 tons of freight an increase in each 

 case over 1899. Its train mileage was 16,488,361, 

 its receipts $20,430,167, and its expenses $12,999,- 

 371. The earnings from passenger traffic were $5,- 

 478,775, from freight traffic $13,329,695, and from 

 other sources $1,621,697. The cost of mainte- 

 nance was $2,714,895, and of working and repairs 

 $5,862,117. The general working expenses were 

 $4,422,359. 



The canals of Canada on June 30, 1900, had cost 

 for building and maintenance $79,043,784, and for 

 repairs, renewals, etc., more than $16,000,000. In 

 the fiscal year 1900, $2,760,219 was spent for con- 

 struction, $227.627 for repairs, and $292,609 for 

 maintenance. The revenue was $322,643, against 

 $403,879 in 1867, and $369,044 in 1899. The ton- 

 nage of Canadian vessels passing through in 1899 

 was 4,308,733. The total passengers carried were 

 213,711 and the freight 6.225,924 tons, while the 

 tolls amounted to $276,658. The traffic through 

 the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie canal for the season 

 of 1899 included 12,000,000 bushels of grain and 

 8,000,000 feet of lumber. Through the American 



canal went 45,000,000 bushels of grain and 1 000 - 

 000,000 feet of lumber. 



Shipping and Fisheries. The lighthouses in 

 Canada in 1900 numbered 093, and their main- 

 tenance cost $497,535. The wrecks and casu- 

 alties in Canadian waters, or of Canadian ships 

 in other waters, numbered 151 against, 270 in 

 1899, and the damage done was placed at $350,- 

 848. The revenue of the Marine Department was 

 $130,229, and the expenditures $982,502. The ves- 

 sels built and registered in Canada were 297, with 

 a tonnage of 22,329, and those sold to other coun- 

 tries were valued at $205,018. The total regis- 

 tered tonnage of seagoing vessels which carried 

 cargo into and from Canada was 10,001,12s, an 

 increase of over 1,000,000 tons in the year. The 

 tonnage of vessels employed in the coasting trade 

 was 33,631,730. 



The value of the yield in Canadian fisheries 

 during the fiscal year 1899 was $21,891,706, the 

 chief products being cod, herring, lobsters, and sal- 

 mon. There were 12,839 vessels and 28,100 men 

 receiving a Government bounty in that year. The 

 expenditure of the Government upon fisheries in 

 1900 was $411,717, and the revenue $88,407. There 

 were, in 1899, 18,708 men employed in lobster 

 canneries, 8,970 in vessels, and 70,893 in boats 

 a total of 79,863 Canadian fishermen. The total 

 value of their vessels, traps, etc., was $10,149,840. 

 The exports of fish from Canada was $9,909,662 in 

 1899, and $11,169,083 in 1900; while the imports 

 were respectively $875,851 and $1,060,708. 



Insurance. The total life assurance carried 

 by Canadian companies in 1900 was $267,392,184, 

 an increase of $15,000,000 during the year. The 

 net premiums received were $9,211,082, and the 

 assurance issued and taken was $38,602,589. The 

 policies that became claims amounted to $3,131,- 

 554. Of the rest of the business, British com- 

 panies did $30,414,376 a slight increase and re- 

 ceived $1,371,430 in premiums, and American com- 

 panies $125,155,863 an increase of $12,000,000 

 with premiums of $4,263,181. Canadian com- 

 panies also did $35,864,762 of business abroad, 

 and received premiums of $1,626,198. The total 

 life insurance business of Canada in 1900 was 

 $303,256,946, with $10,837,280 paid in premiums. 



The fire insurance carried in Canada in 1900 was 

 $802,181,916, and the premiums collected were 

 $10,014,279. British companies did $540,448,620 

 of business, and received $6,709,847 in premiums; 

 American companies $108,127,777, with $1,370,581 

 in premiums; Canadian companies $153,605,519, 

 with $1,933,850 in premiums. The total losses 

 paid in Canada were $7,780,001, and the percent- 

 age to premiums was 93.70. The accident assur- 

 ance business amounted to $111,541,077, with 

 premiums of $703,520 and claims paid of $431.521. 



CHEMISTRY. Chemical Theory. While 

 it still seems impossible to break up the atoms by 

 ordinary chemical action, the prospect of effect- 

 ing that result by electrical methods appears more 

 hopeful. Prof. J. J. Thomson, of the University 

 of Cambridge, has announced that in the course 

 of experiments with the cathode rays and other 

 applications of electricity he has succeeded in 

 determining the existence, weight, volume, and 

 other physical properties of matter 1,000 times 

 more minute than the atom of hydrogen. He calls 

 these particles corpuscles; and on the basis of his 

 discoveries he bases the hypothesis of the corpus- 

 cular constitution of matter. 



A considerable part of the address of Prof. 

 Arthur W. Rttcker as president of the British 

 Association is devoted to the consideration of 

 the validity of the theory of atoms. The author 

 admits that the atom is hypothetical, but shows 



