DENMARK. 



203 



vances to rural laborers to enable them to pur- 

 chase home lots. The loan in 3^-per-cent. non- 

 redeemable stock was taken at 90 by French, Ger- 

 man, and Danish bankers. 



The Army. Personal military service was 

 made obligatory by the laws of July 25, 1880, and 

 April 13, 1894. It begins at the age of twenty-two, 

 and lasts eight years in the first and eight years 

 in the second ban. Every regiment of infantry is 

 reenforced annually by 480 recruits, who are in- 

 structed for one hundred and eighty days, at the 

 end of which those who are made non-commis- 

 sioned officers and 100 privates are retained for a 

 further period of eight months. The term of 

 active service for the cavalry is nineteen months; 

 for the field artillery, twelve months; for the for- 

 tress artillery and the engineers, five months. The 

 men not retained with the colors are called out 

 for service twice for twenty-five days during the 

 grand maneuvers. There are 5 brigades of 2 regi- 

 ments of infantry, each regiment having 3 bat- 

 talions with a war strength of 21 officers and 

 1,050 men; 5 regiments of 3 squadrons of cavalry, 

 the squadron on a war footing numbering 5 offi- 

 cers and 150 men; 2 regiments of field-artillery, 

 each containing 2 sections of 3 batteries, the 

 battery of 4 officers and 200 men with 8 guns; 1 

 regiment of 3 battalions of fortress artillery; and 

 1 regiment of 9 companies of engineers. The in- 

 fantry arm is the Krag-Jb'rgensen rifle of 8 mil- 

 limeters bore, model of 1889. The peace strength 

 of the army is 824 officers, 1,824 under-officers, and 

 7,121 annual recruits; the war effective, 1,448 

 officers and 60,134 men, with 128 guns. 



The Navy. The fleet in 1900 consisted of six 

 armor-clads, the Odin, Helgoland, Tordenskjold, 

 Iver Hvitfeldt, Herluf Trolle, and the unfinished 

 Olfert Fischer; 3 monitors, the Lindormen, Gorm, 

 and Skjold; 2 large cruisers, the Fyen and Val- 

 kyrien; 3 third-class cruisers; 8 gunboats; three 

 school-ships; 2 torpedo vessels; and 13 first-class 

 and 12 second-class torpedo-boats. The navy was 

 manned by 277 officers, 81 sailors, 175 gunners, 

 218 mechanics, and 573 laborers. The largest ves- 

 sels are the Herluf Trolle and the Olfert Fischer, 

 sister ships of 4,470 tons, each carrying a pair of 

 26-ton guns in revolving turrets. 



Commerce and Production. About 40 per 

 cent, of the total area of Denmark is pasture and 

 meadow, 35 per cent, farm and garden, 5 per cent, 

 forest, 3 per cent, peat bog, and 17 per cent, barren 

 or occupied with roads and buildings. The pro- 

 duction of wheat in 1899 was 1,285,000 hecto- 

 liters; of barley, 7,645,000 hectoliters; of oats, 13,- 

 060,000 hectoliters; of rye, 6,471,000 hectoliters; 

 of mixed grain, 3,825,000 hectoliters; of potatoes, 

 6,399,000 hectoliters ; of beets and turnips, 46,399,- 

 000 hectoliters. There were 449,264 horses, 1,743,- 

 440 cattle, 1,074,413 sheep, 31,803 goats, and 1,178,- 

 514 hogs in 1898. In that year 15,423 horses, 36,- 

 066 cattle, and 2,644 sheep were exported. The 

 quantity of spirits distilled in 1899 was 7,911,234 

 gallons; of beer brewed, 22,388,870 gallons of ex- 

 cisable and 32,302,320 gallons of non-excisable; 

 of beet-sugar manufactured, 39,204 tons; of oleo- 

 margarine manufactured, 16,210 tons. The value 

 of the fish caught in 1898 was 6,120,448 kroner. 



The value of imports in the general commerce 

 of 1899 was 492,100,000 kroner, and of exports 

 364,500,000 kroner. In the special commerce the 

 value of imports was 399,800,000 kroner, and of 

 exports 270,100,000 kroner. The imports of food 

 substances in the special commerce were 94,600,- 

 000 kroner in value, and exports 227,900,000 

 kroner; imports of articles of personal and do- 

 mestic use were 76,300,000 kroner, and exports 

 4,600,000 kroner; imports of fuel were 34,200,000 



nd seeds 

 2,300,000 



' ' 



kroner; imports of fodder, manure- 

 were 68,200,000 kroner, ami expor 

 kroner; imports of raw material- \\ <.,-.: 

 kroner, and exports 35,300,000 kroner. 'Id.- en- 

 eral imports of groceries were .'!'.), .S.,:;.<)0<) kroner 

 and exports 12,808,000 kroner, !H7,ooo kroner be- 

 ing domestic produce;; imports oi drinks \vre 

 7,446,000 kroner, and exports 3,722,000 kjoii'-r. 

 747,000 kroner being Danisli produce; imports of 

 textile goods were 55,221,000 kroner, and export- 

 7,255,000 kroner, of which 785,000 kroner were 

 Danish manufactures; imports of metals and 

 metal manufactures were 47,224,000 kroner, and 

 exports 11,380,000 kroner, of which 3,405,000 kro- 

 ner were of domestic manufacture; imports of 

 wood and wood manufactures were 25,345,000 kro- 

 ner, and exports 2,105,000 kroner, 561,000 kroner 

 being of domestic production; imports of coal were 

 35,346,000 kroner, and exports 3,797,000 kroner, 

 5,000 kroner of Danish origin; imports of animals 

 were 2,229,000 kroner, and exports 19,449,000 kro- 

 ner, of which 19,445,000 kroner were Danish; im- 

 ports of pork, butter, eggs, and lard were 38,342,- 

 000 kroner, and exports 212,632,000 kroner, of 

 which 190,103,000 kroner were of Danish produc- 

 tion; imports of cereals were 73,509,000 kroner, 

 and exports 16,172,000 kroner, of which 9,148,000 

 kroner were domestic. The general commerce 

 with different countries in 1899 is shown in the 

 following table, giving values in kroner: 



Navigation. During 1899 there were 31,627 

 vessels in foreign commerce, of 2,849,630 tons of 

 cargo, entered and 32,147, of 815,738 tons of 

 cargo, cleared at Danish ports. The number of 

 coasting vessels entered was 35,660; cleared, 36,- 

 174. 



The merchant navy, including colonial vessels, 

 consisted on Jan. 1, 1900, of 3,305 sailing vessels, 

 of 165,308 tons, and 539 steamers, of 258,241 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 length of railroads in operation in 1900 was 1,711 

 miles, of which 1,108 miles were owned by the 

 Government, having been built at a cost of 237,- 

 025,353 kroner. 



The postal traffic in 1899 was 90,382,094 letters 

 and postal cards and 83,499,502 samples, news- 

 papers, etc. 



The length of telegraph-lines on Dec. 31, 1899, 

 was 3,068 miles, with 9,367 miles of wire. The 

 number of internal paid messages' in 1899 was 

 595,433; of international messages, 1,461,180; of 

 official messages, 158,959. The telephone-lines had 

 a length of 647 miles, with 4,154 miles of wire. 



Change of Government. The constitutional 

 conflict in Denmark was brought to an end in 

 1901. In the Folkething, which was dissolved in 

 the spring, the Sehested Cabinet had only 11 thor- 

 oughgoing supporters, and in the Landsthing its 

 majority was only 2. The elections for a new 

 Folkething were held on April 3. For the first 

 time the voting was by ballot, but this did not 

 affect the result. The growth of the Socialist 

 party in the towns added materially to the 

 strength of the Opposition. The chief legislative 

 question was the reform of taxation, for which 



