EGYPT. 



211 



42,095; of Assoiut, 42,012. Of the total Egyptian 

 .population over ten years of age, 63 per cent, 

 were employed in agriculture, but less than 1 per 

 cent, of the foreigners, who formed 48 per cent, 

 of the professional class, and nearly half of whom, 

 but only a sixth of the native Egyptians were 

 employed in industries and trades.. 



Finances. The revenue in 1900 amounted to 

 E. 11,447,000 and expenditure to E. 9,895,- 

 000, the budget estimate having been E. 10,- 

 380,000 for revenue and the same for expenditure. 

 The budget for 1901 made the revenue E. 10,- 

 700,000, of which E. 4,698,000 were derived from 

 the land tax, E. 137,000 from other direct taxes, 

 E. 900,000 from customs duties, E. 1,000,000 

 from tobacco, E. 500,000 from other indirect 

 taxes, E. 615,000 from other taxes, E. 207,000 

 from miscellaneous sources, E. 2,000,000 from 

 the railroads, E. 56,000 from telegraphs, E. 

 120,000 from the post-office, and E. 229,000 

 from other services, making the total ordinary 

 revenue E. 10,484,000, to which was added a 

 contribution of E. 215,600 from the general re- 

 serve fund. The budget estimate of expenditure 

 for 1901 was E. 10,636,000, of which E. 255,- 

 361 was for the civil list, E. 2,322,105 for ex- 

 penses of the administration, E. 957,200 for 

 operating the railroads, E. 44,000 for the tele- 

 graphs, E. 114,973 for the post-office, E. 69,- 

 590 for other services, E. 439,870 for the Egyp- 

 tian army, E. 84,825 for the British army of 

 occupation, E. 437,000 for pensions, E. 665,- 

 041 for tribute to Turkey, E. 37,300 for ex- 

 penses of the Caisse de la Dette, E. 3,489,202 for 

 the consolidated debt, E. 207,082 for -unfunded 

 debt, E. 250,000 for suppression of the corv6e, 

 E. 250,000 for the Soudan deficit, and E. 32,- 

 000 for a reserve for unforeseen expenses, making 

 the total ordinary expenditure E. 9,822,728, to 

 which are added E. 265,037 for conversion 

 economies, E. 63,385 for the sinking-fund of the 

 guaranteed loan, and E. 484,850 for the share 

 of the surplus to be paid into the general reserve 

 fund. The net surplus in 1900 was E. 559,000. 

 The ordinary revenue exceeded that of 1899 by 

 E. 247,000 notwithstanding remissions of the 

 land tax made necessary by the low Nile of 1899. 

 There was a deficit of E. 2,606,000 in the first 

 four years of British control ending with 1886, 

 and since then a surplus has been realized of the 

 aggregate amount of E. 9,986,000, an average of 

 700,000 sterling per annum, in spite of large 

 reductions of taxation, heavy expenditure on pub- 

 lic works, and latterly the Soudan charges, which 

 in 1900 amounted to more than 400,000. 



The Egyptian debt on Jan. 1, 1900, amounted to 

 103,049,000 sterling, the 3-per-cent. guaranteed 

 loan amounting to 8,410,800, the privileged 3J- 

 per-cent. debt to 29,393,580, the unified 4-per- 

 cent, debt to 55,971,960, the Daira Sanieh 4- 

 per-cent. loan to 6,162,800, and the 4i-per-cent. 

 domains loan to 3,109,900. The annual debt 

 charge, including the sinking-fund, was E. 

 3,862,302. The charges on debts of all descrip- 

 tions, including tribute, was E. 4,727,047 in 

 the estimates for 1901. The reserve funds estab- 

 lished in 1887 amounted on Jan. 1, 1900, to E. 

 5,206,154, of which E. 3,565,468 are the econ- 

 omies from conversion, E. 1,341,177 the gen- 

 eral reserve fund, and E. 299,509 the special re- 

 serve fund. 



The Army. The military law requires every 

 Egyptian, excepting priests, students, and some 

 other classes, to serve six years in the army unless 

 he pays E. 20 for exemption. The army has 

 been trained by British officers, who hold the 

 higher commands. The commander-in-chief, who 



has the title of sirdar, is Sir U.^mnM Wingate, 

 colonel in the British army. Th<- MOI ;m;il peace 

 strength of the army in 1900 WHS \n.'. oHicers and 

 175 employees in the general s'.alV and :i<lminis- 

 tration, 57 officers and 1,340 men in the > ivnlry, 

 545 officers and 15,646 men in the ini';iii< r; :L'.', (.di- 

 cers and 601 men in the camel-corps, f><) .;liic(rs 

 and 1,341 men in the artillery, 58 oflicoi 

 284 men in the medical corps, 7 officers JUKI -iO 

 men in the veterinary department, 41 officers and 

 68 men in the engineers, 5 officers and 18 men in. 

 the military school, and 2,300 railroad troops; 

 total, 915 officers and 22,787 men, besides 623 civil 

 employees; the coast service employed 144 officers 

 and 1,839 men. The strength of the British army 

 of occupation in 1900 was 4,466 men. 



Commerce and Production. The production 

 of cotton in 1900 was 6,510,000 kantars, about 

 645,000,000 pounds. There were 1,262,000 acres 

 under wheat, 1,592,000 acres under corn, 906,000 

 acres under cotton, and 67,120 acres under sugar- 

 cane. The sugar exports in 1899 were 64,390,550 

 kilograms, valued at E. 664,427. The exports of 

 cotton were 6,001,222 kantars, valued at E. 

 11,598,222. The total value of merchandise im- 

 ports in 1900 was E. 14,112,369, and of exports 

 E. 16,766,609. The imports of specie were E. 

 4,114,612, and exports E. 2,602,790. Imports 

 of animals and animal food products were valued 

 at E. 652,357, and exports at E. 129,733; im- 

 ports of hides, skins, leather, and leather manu- 

 factures at E. 206,860, and exports at E. 84,- 

 855; imports of other animal products at E. 

 84,373, and exports at E. 41,611; imports of 

 cereals, vegetables, etc., at E. 1,532,341, and 

 exports at E. 2,615,433; imports of provisions 

 and drugs at E. 404,735, and exports at E. 

 676,226; imports of spirits, oils, etc., at E. 

 815,888, and exports at E. 16,318; imports of 

 rags, paper, and books at E. 177,103, and ex- 

 ports at E. 15,690; imports of wood, coal, cane- 

 work, etc., at E. 2,093,061, and exports at E. 

 16,350; imports of stone, lime, glass, etc., at 

 E. 399,008, and exports at E. 1,528; imports 

 of dyes, etc., at E. 282,875, and exports at E. 

 21,112; imports of chemical products at E. 276,- 

 509, and exports at E. 15,547; imports of tex- 

 tile materials and manufactures at E. 4,011,498, 

 and exports at E. 13,104,860; imports of metals 

 and metal manufactures at E. 1,817,971, and 

 exports at E. 5,691; imports of miscellaneous 

 merchandise at E. 439,609, and exports at E. 

 12,689; imports of tobacco at E. 577,203. 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered at 

 the port of Alexandria during 1899 was 2,805, of 

 2,414,674 tons; cleared, 2,758, of 2,389,058 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 Government railroads had a length of 1,393 miles 

 on Jan. 1, 1900, besides which there were 670 

 miles of narrow-gage railroads belonging to com- 

 panies. The number of passengers carried on the 

 state railroads in 1899 was 11,284,284; tons of 

 freight, 3,055,897; gross earnings, E. 2,112,065; 

 working expenses, E. 950,429; net receipts, 

 E. 1,161,636. 



The post-office in 1899 forwarded 12,920,000 in- 

 ternal and 2,659,000 foreign letters and postal 

 cards, 7,650,000 internal and 1,181,000 foreign 

 newspapers, 188,000 internal and 63,700 foreign 

 parcels, and 598,500 post-office orders and remit- 

 tances, amounting to E. 17,437,000. 



The telegraphs of the Government system on 

 Jan. 1, 1901, had a length of 2,106 miles, with 

 9,440 miles of wire. The number of despatches in 

 1900 was 3,288,662, against 2,958,258 in 1899. 



Suez Canal. The number of vessels that 

 passed through the Suez Canal in 1899 was 3,603, 



