FRANCE. 



243 



France, 386, including 290 officers, in Algeria, 

 and 98, including 74 officers, in Tunis; 3,673, in- 

 cluding 42U officers, in the military schools; 2,836, 

 including 2,366 officers, unclassed among the 

 troops; and in the army corps 377,835 infantry, 

 including 13,557 officers, 14,423 administration 

 troops, 70,739 cavalry, including 3,940 officers, 75,- 

 064 artillery, including 3,965 officers, 12,849 engi- 

 neers, including 501 officers, and 10,465 train, in- 

 cluding 412 officers, making 561,375 men, including 

 22,375 officers, in the army corps, of whom 487,373, 

 including 20,492 officers, are in France, 54,905, in- 

 cluding 1,387 officers, in Algeria, and 19,097, includ- 

 ing 496 officers, in Tunis. The active army com- 

 prises 497,419 men, including 26,337 officers, in 

 France; 56,050 men, including 2,224 officers, in Al- 

 geria; and 19,317 men, including 687 officers, in 

 Tunis; total, 572,786 troops, including 29,284 offi- 

 cers. In the gendarmerie are 21,601 men, including 

 624 officers, in France; 1,242 men, including 31 offi- 

 cers, in Algeria; and 143 men, including 4 offi- 

 cers, in Tunis ; total, 22,986, including 659 officers. 

 The Garde Republicaine numbers 2,993 men, of 

 whom 83 are officers. The effective strength of 

 the active army was reported to be 534,149 men, 

 and of the gendarmerie and Garde R6publicaine 

 25,715 men. The total strength of the active army 

 and its reserve is about 2,350,000 men; of the 

 territorial army, 900,000 men; of the territorial 

 army reserve, 1,100,000 men. Of this total war 

 strength of 4,350,000 men not more than 2,500,000 

 are trained and able-bodied. 



The Navy. The effective navy in 1900 com- 

 prised 20 battle-ships the Amiral Baudin, Amiral 

 Duperre, Bouvet, Brennus, Carnot, Charles Martel, 

 Courbet, Charlemagne, Devastation, Formidable. 

 Gaulois, Hoche, Jaur6guiberry, lena, Magenta, 

 Marceau, Neptune, Massena, Redoutable, and St. 

 Louis; 4 cruising battle-ships the Duguesclin, 

 Turenne, Vauban, and Victorieux; 19 coast-de- 

 fense vessels the Amiral Trehouart, Bouvines, 

 Cai'man, Colbert, Friedland, Fulminant, Furieux, 

 Jemappes, Indomptable, Onondaga, Requin, Riche- 

 lieu, Tempete, Terrible, Tonnant, Tonnerre, Tri- 

 dent, Valmy, and Vengeur; 6 armored cruisers 

 the Amiral Charner, Bruix, Chanzy, Dupuy-de- 

 L6me, Latouche-Trgville, and Pothuan; 1 torpedo- 

 cruiser the Foudre; 7 first-class cruisers the 

 Chateaurenault, C6cille, Duquesne, D'Entrecas- 

 teaux, Guichen, Tage, and Tourville; 14 second- 

 class cruisers the Alger, D'Assas, Bugeaud, Cas- 

 sart, Catinat, Chasseloup-Laubat, Descartes, Du 

 Chayla, Friant, Isly, Jean Bart, Pascal, Protet, 

 and Sfax; 18 third-class cruisers the Coetlogon, 

 Cosmao, Davout, D'Estaing, D'Estrees, ficlaireur, 

 Forbin, Galilee, Infernet, Iphigenie, Laland, Lavoi- 

 sier, Linois, Nielly, Primauguet, Suchet, Surcouf, 

 and Troude. There were besides 14 destroyers, 



8 armor-clad gunboats, 9 unarmored gunboats, 



4 first-class and 11 other avisos, 23 transports, 



9 sloop gunboats, 10 torpedo despatch-boats, 



5 torpedo vedettes, 9 submarine torpedo-boats, 

 32 squadron torpedo-boats, and 103 first-class, 

 76 second-class, and 17 third-class torpedo- 

 boats. The vessels building or being fitted out 

 in 1900 were 2 squadron battle-ships the Henri 

 IV and Suffren; 12 armored cruisers the Amiral 

 Hubet, Conde, Desaix, Dupetit-Thouars, Dupleix, 

 Gloire, Gueydon, Jeanne d'Arc, Klgber, Marseil- 

 laise, Montcalm, and Sully; 1 first-class protected 

 cruiser the Jurien de la Gravire ; 9 destroyers 

 the ]pee, Escopette, Espingole, Fauconneau, Flam- 

 berge, Pertuisane, Pique, Rapigre, and Yatagagan. 

 The Frame'e was wrecked. The battle-ships 

 Charlemagne. St. Louis, and Gaulois, of 11,275 

 tons, launched in 1895 and 1896, have 16-inch 

 armor, engines of 14,000 horse-power to give a 



speed of 18 knots, and an armament a\ ( 12-inch 

 guns, with 10 5.5-inch, 8 3.'J-inch, and ^t, -mallei- 

 quick-firers. The lena and SuU'rcn, launched in 

 1898 arid 1899, of 12,052 tons, him- -D. ..,-. r pro- 

 tection and a more formidable quick iim - jinna- 

 ment, consisting of 8 6.4-inch, 8 3.!Mn<-M,' and :u 

 smaller pieces, and they are fitted with );<!!< i'h 

 boilers and engines of 15,500 horse-pov < t to 

 steam 18 knots. The Henri IV, of 6,889 tons, very 

 broad in the beam, carries 2 10.8-inch guns and 

 7 5.5-inch and 10 small quick-firers. These and 

 all the battle-ships and coast-defense vessels built 

 since 1892, including the Bouvines, Valmy, Jem- 

 mapes, Charles Martel, Jaureguiberry, Trehouart, 

 Carnot, Massena, and Bouvet, have their barbette 

 turrets and protective shields. Two battle-ships 

 of 15,000 tons were begun in 1900, improved and 

 enlarged Suffrens, designed to make 18 knots, 

 having 4 12-inch guns, mounted in barbette tur- 

 rets fore and aft, and 18 6.4-inch quick-firers, 12 

 of them mounted in pairs in turrets and the rest 

 in a redoubt, with a great many smaller ones. 

 Four other vessels of this class are to be built. 

 The armored cruiser Jeanne d'Arc, launched in 

 1899, of 11,270 tons, has engines of 28,000 horse- 

 power for a speed of 23 knots, and carries 2 7.6- 

 inch, 12 5.5-inch, and 26 small quick-firers. The 

 Montcalm, Dupetit - Thouars, and Gueydon, 

 launched later, of 9,517 tons, carry 2 7.6-inch, 8 

 6.4*inch, 4 4-inch, and 24 small quick-firers. The 

 Gloire and Conde, of 10,000 tons, have the same 

 armament, and all these vessels are intended to 

 make 21 knots with engines of 20,000 horse-power. 

 The Niclausse water-tube boilers are used in most 

 of the latest cruisers. The Marseillaise and 

 Amiral Aube are made a little larger to carry 2 

 additional 4-inch guns, but the Sully has the 

 same armament and the same dimensions as the 

 others. The Desaix, Kl6ber, and Dupleix, having 

 a displacement of 7,700 tons and carrying 10 6.4- 

 inch and 16 small quick-firers, follow the type of 

 the larger cruisers. The Jules Ferry, an improved 

 Jeanne d'Arc, her sister, the Leon Gambetta, 

 and 4 others that are to be built, will have a 

 displacement of 12,416 tons and engines of 24,000 

 horse-power to get the same speed, and the arma- 

 ment will be 4 6.7-inch quick-firers and 16 

 6.4-inch quick-firers. The Jurien de la GraviSre, 

 launched in 1900, is the latest type of deck-pro- 

 tected cruiser, having a displacement of 5,500 

 tons, a speed of 23 knots with engines of 17,000 

 horse-power, and an armament consisting of 8 6.4- 

 inch and 12 1.8-inch quick-firers. An armor-clad 

 cruiser of 12,500 tons, the Victor Hugo, was begun 

 at Toulon in the spring of 1901. 



Among the new destroyers of the French navy 

 are some of the fastest in the world. The Forban 

 in a sustained trial showed a speed of over 31 

 knots an hour. The attention of French naval 

 designers has been given much to submarine tor- 

 pedo-craft, both those that remain under water 

 and those of the submersible kind that have a 

 greater radius of action. Fourteen were building 

 in the beginning of 1901. They are provided with 

 the periscope, by means of which the water 

 around for 1,000 yards is visible to the navigator 

 20 feet below the surface. Two new destroyers of 

 303 tons were ordered in March, 1901, also 8 of 

 Francisque type and 11 first-class torpedo-boats. 

 At the same time 3 submarine boats of a new ex- 

 perimental type and 20 of the existing type were 

 ordered. The submarine boats Gustave Zede, 

 Morse, and Narval proved in trials their ability to 

 maneuver under water at various depths and also 

 their ability to launch torpedoes with a reason- 

 ably perfect aim at a distance of 300 meters from 

 the objective hull. 



