FRANCE. 



1899, of 657 sailing vessels, of 7,420 tons, and G4 

 steamers, of 10,958 tons. There were 2,150 niiles 

 of railroads on Jan. 1, 1900, including 325 miles 

 in Tunis. The telegraphs had a length of 7,200 

 miles, with 18,490 miles of wire at the end of 

 1898, in which year 1,892,633 internal, 57,358 for- 

 eign, and 83,748 official messages were sent. 



The French troops under Gen. Serviere in the 

 early months of 1901 gradually occupied the oases 

 of Tuat without encountering resistance. The 

 population of Sahela, Metarfa, Gurara, Brinkan, 

 and Isabit accepted French sovereignty, the new 

 Governor-General, M. Jonnart, promising to re- 

 spect native manners and customs and the rights 

 of the Bedouin chiefs. In February the French 

 marched on Adrar and Timmi. The Berbers on 

 Feb. 18 attacked the post at Timmimum. In the 

 beginning of March the Moorish tribes near El 

 Aricha revolted. 



An insurrection of Arabs who had been under 

 French rule since the conquest of Algeria justified 

 the efforts that M. Jonnart was making to reform 

 thoroughly the administration of native affairs. 

 On April 26 the tribe of Beni Menasser sacked the 

 village of Marguerite, and killed several French, 

 Spanish, and Italian colonists and a detachment 

 of gendarmes. A company of Algerian tirailleurs 

 drove the Arabs into the mountains. The tribe, 

 which is the oldest and purest of the ancient Ber- 

 ber stock, is poor and dwindling, and it was 

 driven to revolt by the economic misery caused 

 by an unenlightened administration which had de- 

 prived the tribe of its best lands but continued to 

 impose grinding taxes. The Governor-General took 

 the opportunity to admonish the Algerian pre- 

 fects to pay attention to the material and moral 

 welfare of the natives, as well as to the develop- 

 ment of colonization. When he arrived in Algeria 

 in 1900 M. Jonnart announced a series of admin- 

 istrative reforms. In each prefecture he estab- 

 lished a bureau of native affairs to study the 

 needs of the natives and the means of improving 

 their agriculture and reviving their ancient arts 

 and industries. The unsympathetic and tyran- 

 nical treatment of the natives by the French ad- 

 ministrators was the evil that Gov.-Gen. Jon- 

 nart chiefly sought to uproot, and the same 

 policy was followed by his successor, who arrived 

 in June and took the control of the troops and the 

 appointment and dismissal of judicial and admin- 

 istrative officials into his own hands, while be- 

 stowing a larger initiative upon the local au- 

 thorities. He determined to overhaul the methods 

 of governing the natives. Algerian Deputies at- 

 tributed the unrest among the natives in part to 

 intriguing English Protestant missionaries, who 

 inculcated hatred and contempt of the French, and 

 were even said to be supplying the natives with 

 arms. Gov.-Gen. Jonnart considered that vio- 

 lent recriminations and strife between French- 

 men, assaults committed on officials, and riots in 

 Algiers and the other towns resulting from the 

 anti-Semitic agitation, was a more potent cause 

 for excitement among the natives. Max R6gis, 

 the anti-Semitic mayor of Algiers, continued his 

 active crusade against the Jews, and his partisans 

 posted inflammatory placards and assailed the 

 character and motives of ministerial officials. He 

 had a personal encounter in public with the editor 

 of a newspaper, and other street disturbances 

 occurred. Gov.-Gen. Jonnart on May 2 pro- 

 hibited all gatherings in the public thorough- 

 fares and all public meetings having for their ob- 

 ject the incitement of citizens against one another. 

 The anti-Semite committees were dissolved by 

 order of M. Lutaud, prefect of Algiers. 



Max Regis resigned the mayoralty in order to 



attack the prefect of Algiers and UK- .fcv/.s with- 

 out official restraint. Jn the iciuolc S.ilmra the 

 occupation of Tuat was continued. Tin: inhabit- 

 ants of Kharuin offered resistance. |,m -//ore 

 brought into submission by (Jon. Sci\i',<. T} 1C 

 posts in the Algerian Sudan were roviclu; KM! \>y 

 way of the Niger. The authority ol tin' t.a.t.i\" 

 chiefs was not disturbed by the French, find UU-M; 

 chiefs welcomed French garrisons which guarded 

 their districts against the raids of the Tuaiegs 

 and the Moorish Berbers. 



Tunis. The regency of Tunis, nominally under 

 the suzerainty of the Sublime Porte, has been a 

 French protectorate since 1882, and is governed 

 practically by the French Minister Resident Gen- 

 eral under instructions from the French Ministry 

 of Foreign Affairs. The Bey of Tunis, whose au- 

 thority is now confined to religious affairs, is Sidi 

 Ali, born Oct. 5, 1817. The heir apparent is his 

 son Mohamed, born June 24, 1855. The Resident 

 General in the beginning of 1901 was R. P. Millet. 



The area of Tunis is about 51,000 square miles, 

 with a population of 1,906,000. The Kabyles 

 and Bedouins number about 1,750,000; Jews, 60,- 

 000. The French in 1896 numbered 26,678, includ- 

 ing 10,144 soldiers. The number of foreigners in 

 1899 was 79,497, of whom 63,866 were Italians and 

 12,732 were Maltese. The city of Tunis has about 

 170,000 inhabitants, of whom 50,000 are Euro- 

 peans. The revenue for 1901 was estimated at 

 39,237,154 francs, of which 7,812,200 francs were 

 derived from direct taxes, 9,108,700 francs from 

 customs, 7,476,700 francs from monopolies, 1,198,- 

 900 francs from domains, 1,003,200 francs from 

 various sources, 2,023,500 francs from arrears not 

 collected in 1900, and 10,613,954 francs from excep- 

 tional sources. The expenditure for 1901 was esti- 

 mated at 39,122,435 francs, of which 1,680,000 

 francs were for the civil list, 11,829,710 francs for 

 debt and financial administration, 1,424,700 francs 

 for posts and telegraphs, 3,715,704 for the general 

 administration, 1,056,050 francs for agriculture 

 and forests, 1,042,711 francs for public instruction, 

 4,743,500 francs for public works, 992,605 francs 

 for the army, etc., 2,023,500 francs to pay arrears 

 from 1899, and 10,613,954 francs for exceptional 

 expenditure. The debt amounted to 142,550,000 

 francs. The value of imports in 1899 was 55,778,- 

 241 francs, and of exports 49,433,460 francs; im- 

 ports from France were 36,114,691 francs, and ex- 

 ports to France 30,959,504 francs. The principal 

 exports were olive-oil, of the value of 13,787,000 

 francs; cereals, 11,307,000 francs; zinc, 3.580,000 

 francs; skins, 1,870,000 francs; wine, 1,795,000- 

 francs; animals. 1,755,000 francs; fish, 1,686,000- 

 francs; phosphates, 1,593,000 francs; alfa, 1,415,- 

 000 francs; fruit, 1,225,000 francs; tan, 973,000- 

 francs; silk and woolen cloth, 942,000 francs. 

 The imports from France were 34,263,933 francs in 

 value, exports to France 26,714,110 francs; im- 

 ports from Algeria were 1,850,758 francs; imports 

 from Great Britain were 5,756,835 francs, exports 

 to Great Britain 3,095,939 francs; imports from 

 Italy were 4,505,064 francs, and exports to Italy 

 9,386,418 francs; imports from Belgium were 

 1,365,795 francs; imports from Russia were 2,530,- 

 356 francs, and exports to Russia 40.965 francs. 

 The total number of vessels entered during 1899 

 was 11,489, of 2,433,841 tons, of which 2,754, of 

 2,287,438 tons, were steamers; French vessels, 

 1,676, of 1,254,943 tons. The shipping of the re- 

 gency consists of 403 vessels, of from 10 to 150 tons. 



Colonies and Dependencies. The colonies 

 and protectorates of France, apart from Algeria, 

 which is regarded as a part of France, and the 

 protectorate of Tunis, which is nominally a vassal 

 of Turkey, have an aggregate area estimated at 



