GERMANY. 



, , and the North Sea. The Norwegians and 

 iiins have already provided themselves with 

 ,al steamers adapted to the proposed investi- 

 gations, and a German steamer is building. The 

 arrangements of most of the smaller states are 

 well advanced. An international laboratory for 

 scientific ocean research is established at Chris- 

 tiania. 



GERMANY, an empire in central Europe, 

 composed of the federated German states. The 

 King of Prussia is German Emperor, having su- 

 preme command of the German army, with power 

 to make war, with the consent of the federated 

 .states and princes for an offensive war, and the 

 right to make peace. There are two legislative 

 bodies with concurrent powers the Bundesrath, 

 composed of representatives of the federated 

 states, and the Reichstag, representing the Ger- 

 man people. Acts on which they agree become 

 law on receiving the assent of the Emperor coun- 

 tersigned by the Chancellor of the Empire. The 

 Bundesrath has 58 members, appointed by the 

 governments of the federated states. The Reichs- 

 tag has 397 members, 1 to 124,500 of population, 

 elected by universal manhood suffrage and by 

 secret ballot for the term of five years. Alsace- 

 Lorraine, the imperial province, is represented by 

 4 commissioners, who sit in the Reichstag with- 

 out having votes. The imperial ministers act in- 

 dependently of each other under the supervision 

 and control of the Chancellor. The reigning Em- 

 peror is Wilhelm II, born Jan. 27, 1859, successor 

 to his father, Friedrich III of Prussia, who died 

 June 15, 1888. The heir apparent is Prince Fried- 

 rich Wilhelm, born May 6, 1882. The Chancellor 

 of the empire at the beginning of 1901 was Count 

 von Billow, who succeeded Prinz Hohenlohe- 

 Schillingfiirst in that office and as President of 

 the Council of Ministers in the Prussian Govern- 

 ment. The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 

 was Baron von Richthofen; Secretary of State for 

 the Interior, Count Posadowsky-Wehner; Secre- 

 tary of State for the Imperial Marine, Herr von 

 Tirpitz; Secretary of State for Justice, Dr. A. 

 Nieberding; Secretary of State in charge of the 

 Treasury, Baron von Thielmann; Secretary of 

 State in charge of the Post-Office, Gen. von Pod- 

 bielski; Director of the Imperial Railroads, Dr. 

 Schulz; President of the Board of Accounts, Herr 

 Magdeburg; Chief of the Administration of the 

 Invalid Fund, Dr. Rosing; President of the Im- 

 perial Bank, Dr. Koch. The Vice-President of the 

 Prussian Ministry of State and Prussian Minister 

 of Finance was Dr. Johannes von Miquel; Minis- 

 ter of Public Works, Herr von Thielen; Minis- 

 ter of Agriculture, Domains, and Forests, Baron 

 von Hammersteiri-Loxten; Minister of Justice, 

 Dr. Schonstedt; Minister and Secretary of State 

 for the Interior, Baron von Rheinbaben; Minister 

 and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Count 

 von Biilow; Minister of Commerce and Industry, 

 Herr Brefeld; Minister of War, Major-Gen, von 

 Gossler; Minister and Secretary of State for the 

 Navy, Herr von Tirpitz; Minister of Ecclesiastical 

 Affairs, Public Instruction, and Medical Affairs, 

 Dr. Studt. The Emperor is King Wilhelm II of 

 Prussia. The King has supreme executive au- 

 thority, and shares the legislative authority with 

 the Landtag, consisting of the Herrenhaus and 

 the Chamber of Deputies. The Herrenhaus, or 

 House of Lords, is composed of princes of the 

 Hohenzollern family, heads of mediatized sover- 

 eign houses, 16 in number, 82 hereditary peers of 

 the territorial nobility, 8 noblemen elected by the 

 landowners of provinces, and 207 public func- 

 tionaries, representatives of universities, burgo- 

 masters of towns, and life members nominated 



from among landowners, manufacturers, and na- 

 tional celebrities. The Chamber of Deputies has 

 433 members, elected indirectly for five years by 

 all male Prussians twenty-four years of age, one- 

 third by the highest taxpayers who pay a third 

 of the taxes, one-third by the next highest who 

 pay a third, and one-third by the lowest tax- 

 payers paying the remaining third. 



Area and Population. The area of the Ger- 

 man Empire is 208,830 square miles. The popu- 

 lation at the census of June 14, 1895, was 51,770,- 

 284, divided into 22,913,691 males and 28,856,593 

 females. The census of Dec. 1, 1900, gave 27,731,- 

 067 males and 28,613,247 females; total, 56,345,- 

 014. The area in square miles of the different 

 states and their population in 1900 are stated in 

 the following table : 



The cities and manufacturing districts have in- 

 creased rapidly in population with the growth 

 of industry, the largest gain being shown in Lii- 

 beck, Bremen, and Hamburg, due to the expan- 

 sion of foreign commerce, and in Saxony, Prussia, 

 and Baden, where manufactures have most in- 

 creased. 



The number of marriages in 1898 was 458,877; 

 of births, 2,029,891; of deaths, 1,183,020; excess 

 of births, 846,871. The number of German emi- 

 grants in 1899 was 23,740, of whom 19,271 went to 

 the United States, 877 to Brazil, 1,099 to other 

 American countries, 548 to Africa, 178 to Asia, and 

 141 to Australia and New Zealand. The total in- 

 cludes 1,626 emigrants to other countries in Eu- 

 rope, but not 1 ,384 German emigrants from French 

 ports whose destination was not reported. The 

 emigrants over sea included 12,899 males and 10,- 

 215 females. There were 2,652 families, compris- 

 ing 8,564 persons. Of the total number of emi-' 

 grants 13,747 came from Prussia, 2,140 from Ba- 

 varia, 1,250 from Wiirtemberg, 1,747 from Ham- 

 burg, 1,057 from Saxony, 753 from Baden, 441 

 from Bremen, 361 from Alsace-Lorraine, 333 from 

 Hesse, 269 from Oldenburg, and 231 from Meck- 

 lenburg-Strelitz. The number of non-Germany 

 emigrants who sailed from German ports was 130,- 

 646. The total number of emigrants from German 

 ports, including foreigners, from 1871 to 1899 in- 

 clusive was 4,210,742; from 1832 to 1870 the num- 

 ber was 1,788,380. Since 1871 Bremen has been 

 the port of emigration for 1,178,708 Germans and 

 1,060,214 foreigners, Hamburg for 849,052 Ger- 

 mans and 1,088,062 foreigners, and 23,740 Ger- 



