GERMANY. 



265 



mans and 10,966 foreigners have gone from other 

 German ports. About 6,000,000 Germans have 

 emigrated since 1820, two-thirds of them to the 

 United States. Berlin increased in population 

 from 1,677,304 in 1895 to 1,884,151 in 1900; 

 Hamburg from 625,552 to 705,738; Munich from 

 411,001 to 499,959; Leipsic from 399,963 to 455,- 

 089; Breslau from 378,250 to 422,738; Dresden 

 from 336,440 to 395,349; Cologne from 321,564 to 

 372,229; Frankfort from 229,279 to 288,489; 

 Magdeburg from 214,424 to 229,663; Hanover from 

 209,535 to 235,666; Nuremberg from 195,783 to 

 261,022; Diisseldorf from 175,985 to 213,767; 

 Konigsberg from 172,796 to 187,897; Chemnitz 

 from 161,017 to 206,584; Stuttgart from 158,321 

 to 176,318; Stettin from 140,724 to 210,680; Char- 

 lottenburg from 132,377 to 189,290; Bremen from 

 141,894 to 176,318; Altona from 148,944 to 161,- 

 507; Elberfeld from 139,337 to 156,937; Halle from 

 116,304 to 156,611. 



Finances. The expenditure of the Imperial 

 Government for 1902 is estimated at 1,912,610 

 marks for ordinary and 328,334 marks for ex- 

 traordinary purposes; total, 2,240,944 marks. 

 The total estimated revenue is 2,137,193 marks. 

 The revenue from customs and excise duties in 

 1901 was estimated in the budget at 789,725,000 

 marks, of which 473,220,000 marks were from cus- 

 toms, 12,143,000 marks from tobacco, 102,009,000 

 marks from sugar, 47,810,000 marks from salt, 

 124,301,000 marks from spirits, 30,165,000 marks 

 from beer, and 77,000 marks from imposts in ter- 

 ritories outside of the customs union; from 

 stamps, 66,483,000 marks, of which playing-cards 

 produced 1,471,000 marks, bills of exchange 10,- 

 367,000 marks, securities, accounts, lottery tickets, 

 a.nd brokers' receipts 53,708,000 marks, and sta- 

 tistical fees 937,000 marks; for posts and tele- 

 graphs, 393,209,930 marks ; interest on the invalid 

 fund, 30,076,276 marks; revenue from railroads, 

 86,175,000 marks; from the imperial bank, 14,- 

 854,500 marks; from the printing-office, 7,516,000 

 marks; various receipts, 18,554,063 marks; fed- 

 eral contributions, 527,662,374 marks; sales of 

 land and fortifications, 206,655 marks; from loans, 

 80,476,773 marks; other extraordinary receipts, 

 5,391,638 marks; balance from preceding years, 

 30,726,934 marks; supplementary extraordinary 

 budget, 15,585,869 marks; total, 2,066,644,012 

 marks. The estimated expenditures for 1901, in- 

 cluding supplementary estimates, amounted also 

 to 2,066,644,012 marks, of which 1,783,753,067 

 marks were ordinary recurring expenditures, and 

 282,890,945 marks were non-recurring and ex- 

 traordinary expenditures. Of the recurring ex- 

 penditures 541,521,093 marks were for the army, 

 520,294,715 marks for the imperial treasury, 77,- 

 700,500 marks for the debt of the empire, 73,862,- 

 860 marks for the navy, 68,164,130 marks for pen- 

 sions, 342,495,126 marks for posts and telegraphs, 

 5,304,951 marks for the imperial printing estab- 

 lishment, 391,910 marks for the railroad office, 

 38,782 marks for Kiauchau, 262,069 marks for 

 military justice, 148,788,675 marks for the Min- 

 istry of the Interior, 30,076,274 marks for the in- 

 valid fund, 12,508,658 marks for the Ministry of 

 Foreign Affairs, 2,119,362 marks for the Ministry 

 of Justice, 699,250 marks for the Reichstag, 856,- 

 410 marks for the Audit Bureau, 58,435,300 marks 

 for railroads, and 233,000 marks for the Imperial 

 Chancellery. Of the federal contributions in 1901 

 Prussia paid 320,855,469 marks; Bavaria, 59,193,- 

 009 marks; Saxony, 38,144,485 marks; Wtirtem- 

 berg, 21,304,345 marks; Baden, 17,458,589 marks; 

 Alsace-Lorraine, 16,608,500 marks; Hesse. 10,- 

 465,376 marks; Hamburg, 6,865,625 marks; 

 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 6,017,576 marks; Bruns- 



wick, 4,373,539 marks; Old. -n!);; - : -_r :;, 704,425 

 marks; Saxe-Weimar, 3,416,707 m." Anhalt, 



2,954,196 marks; Saxe- Mf'inm^rii. > :;r,r,,)7H 

 marks; Saxe - Coburg - Gotha, 2,lx !,;. irks; 



Bremen, 1,978,248 marks; Lippe, 1, :;.>>.:'.') murk*; 

 Reuss-Greiz, 679,560 mark.s; Wal-j. <];, ..>;|.x:i7 

 Strelitz, 1,022,745 marks; Schwar/J. . 

 stadt, 893,264 marks; Ltibeck, H'M,*- 

 Schwarzburg - Sondershauseri, 780,:>.S!S m 

 Reuss-Greiz, 679,560 marks; Waldeck, 3SIXJ7 

 marks; and Schaumburg- Lippe, 415,22:3 mail-. > 

 The pensions of soldiers who fought in th<; cam 

 paigns of 1866 and 1870-71 were doubled by a 

 measure voted by the Reichstag in 1901, which 

 gives to veterans who are totally incapacitated 

 for work the same pay that they received in the 

 army, ranging for privates and non-commissioned 

 officers from 720 to 1,044 marks a year, with an 

 additional 324 marks for every crippled limb, and 

 from 180 to 475 marks for care and nursing when 

 needed. Officers receive increases in their pen- 

 sions not so great in proportion, 450 marks in- 

 crease for lieutenants and 600 marks for captains. 

 The expenses of the Government have so increased 

 that fresh sources of revenue will have to be 

 found. The states of central and south Germany 

 object to paying larger matricular contributions 

 because their taxation w T as higher per capita than 

 that of Prussia, being 10.98 marks in Baden, 

 10.80 marks in Wtirtemberg, 10.73 marks in Ba- 

 varia, and 9.78 marks in Saxony, compared with 

 8.36 marks in Prussia, which derives a large rev- 

 enue from the state railroads. The special excise 

 duties on malt, beer, wine, and meat bring the 

 amount of taxation up to 17.64 marks in Baden, 

 16.51 marks in Bavaria, 16.16 marks in Wiirtem- 

 berg, and 11.17 marks in Saxony. The average 

 taxation in Germany is only two-fifths what it 

 is in France, and little over half the average rate 

 in Great Britain, being 15.28 marks in indirect 

 taxes and about 6 marks in direct taxes, but the 

 incidence is greater on the poorer classes, who 

 have to pay an income tax when they have any 

 incomes, and to bear the heavy duties on grain, 

 sugar, etc. The Minister of Finance in May an- 

 nounced a prospective deficit of 70,000,000 marks 

 or more, the increased stamp-duties not giving the 

 expected yield, and the lowering of postal and 

 telegraph rates having entailed a considerable 

 loss of revenue. 



The funded debt of the empire on March 31, 

 1899, consisted of 1,240,000,000 marks of 31-per- 

 cent, and 1,057,950,700 marks of 3-per-cent. loans; 

 total, 2,297,950,700 marks. Of the old debt of the 

 North German Confederation 17,700 marks re- 

 mained unpaid, and the unfunded debts were 50,- 

 000,000 marks of treasury bonds and 120,000,000 

 marks of paper money, making the total indebted- 

 ness 2,467,968,400 marks, the 3-per-cent. loans hav- 

 ing been increased by 115,703,900 marks during the 

 year, and the treasury bonds decreased by 20,- 

 000,000 marks. The amount of the invalid fund 

 was 390,967,654 marks. The war fund preserved 

 in gold is 120,000,000 marks. A loan of 300,000,- 

 000 marks at 3-per-cent. was issued in the begin- 

 ning of April, 1901, at 87J per cent., whereas the 

 price of the 3-per-cents. issued in 1899 was 92. 

 The new loan was required to cover the cost of the 

 Chinese expedition. The supplementary estimates 

 for 1901 necessitated by the expedition amounted 

 to 123,322,000 marks, compared with 152,770,000 

 marks for 1900. 



The budgets and debts of the individual states, 

 in most cases for 1901, in others for 1900, are 

 given in marks in the table on the next page. 



The extraordinary revenue of Alsace-Lorraine 

 was 3,997,754 marks and the extraordinary ex- 



