GERMANY. 



penditure 4,347,250 marks. Anhalt has 7,703,387 

 marks of invested funds. Baden's debt was in- 

 curred for railroads exclusively. Of the debt of 

 Bavaria 1,115,394,800 marks were raised to build 

 railroads, the profits from which are more than 

 the cost of the whole debt, and with those from 

 posts, telegraphs, and mines make very near half 

 of the gross revenue. In Bremen the debt charge 

 is the chief item of expenditure, and more than 

 one-third of the revenue is obtained from income 

 tax and other direct taxes. In Brunswick there is 

 an endowment fund yielding 2,702,050 marks not 

 included in the budget, and the ducal civil list of 

 1,125,000 marks is also separately provided, while 

 the state has besides domains and forests an in- 

 vested fund of 40,600,000 marks, and receives till 

 1932 an annuity of 2,625,000 marks for the rail- 

 roads; but, on the other hand, an annuity of 

 1,219,740 marks must be paid till 1924 in addi- 

 tion to the charges of the funded debt, 80 per 

 cent, of which was incurred for the construction 

 of railroads now transferred to the empire. Ham- 

 burg receives considerable revenue from docks and 

 railroads, but a third of the total comes from 

 direct taxation, the cost of the debt, which was 

 raised for public improvements, being heavy, and 

 expenditure on education liberal. Hesse raises 

 nearly a third of the revenue by taxes on land, 

 rents, incomes, inheritances, and business, and 

 two-thirds from domains, forests, and the imperial 

 customs, the last balancing the contribution to 

 the expenses of the Imperial Government, while 

 the revenue from railroads is sufficient to pay the 

 charges of the debt, chiefly incurred for their 

 construction. Nearly half of the revenue of Lii- 

 beck comes from forests and invested funds, and 

 the remainder is raised by direct taxation. In 

 Mecklenburg-Schwerin the Grand Duke has a 

 separate income of about 22,640,000 marks, and 

 the railroads and public funds provide for the 

 service of the debt. In Mecklenburg-Strelitz no 

 public financial statement is ever made, because 

 there is no state revenue apart from the income of 

 the Grand Duke. In Oldenburg triennial budgets 

 are made out separately for the grand duchy and 

 for the principalities of Birkenfeld and Ltibeck. 

 Of the total revenue of Prussia 95,676,404 marks 

 come from domains and forests, 198,354,600 marks 

 from direct taxes, 83,307,000 marks from indirect 

 taxes, 82,487.500 marks from the lottery, 2,069,- 

 300 marks from the marine bank, 368,110 marks 

 from the mint, 167,061,876 marks from furnaces 



and salt-works, 1,363,967,333 marks from rail- 

 roads, 248,286 marks from dotations, 354,943,862 

 marks from the general finance administration, 

 6,386,845 marks from the Ministry of State, 4,600 

 marks from the Foreign Office, 2,063,002 marks 

 from the Ministry of Finance, 8,120,000 marks 

 from the Ministry of Public Works, 5,439,914 

 marks from the Ministry of Commerce and Indus- 

 try, 73,800,700 marks from the Ministry of Jus- 

 tice, 18,188,994 marks from the Ministry of the 

 Interior, 4,662,352 marks from the Ministry of 

 Agriculture, 5,115,055 marks from the Ministry of 

 Worship and Instruction, and 300 marks from 

 the Ministry of War. Of the expenditure for 1901 

 working expenditure amounts to 1,140,714,622 

 marks, of which 46,325,700 marks are for domains 

 and forests, 124,379,190 marks for financial ad- 

 ministration, 141,813,878 marks for mines, etc., 

 and 828,195,854 marks for railroads; charges on 

 the consolidated fund amount to 671,838,567 

 marks, of which 8,000,000 marks are additional 

 crown dotation to the King, 230,747,422 marks 

 interest on the public debt, including railroad 

 debt, 39,550,101 marks sinking-fund of the debt, 

 2,453,982 marks annuities and expenses of man- 

 agement, 212,315 marks expenses of the Herren- 

 haus, 1,672,615 marks expenses of the Chamber of 

 Deputies, 320,314,597 the matricular contribution 

 to the empire, and 68,887,534 marks appanages, 

 annuities, indemnities, etc.; the expenditures of 

 the state administration was 493,303,562 marks, 

 of which 9,275,476 marks were for the Ministry of 

 State, 552,500 marks for the Ministry of Foreign 

 Affairs, 99,684,026 marks for the Ministry of 

 Finance, 30,678,485 marks for the Ministry of 

 Public Works, 11,987,534 marks for the Ministry 

 of Commerce and Industry, 109,389,300 marks for 

 the Ministry of Justice, 69,137,188 marks for the 

 Ministry of the Interior, 22,864,482 marks for the 

 Ministry of Agriculture, Domains, and Forests, 

 139,595,854 marks for the Ministry of Public In- 

 struction and Worship, and 138,717 marks for 

 the Ministry of War; and extraordinary expendi- 

 ture amounted to 166,409,282 marks. The inter- 

 est-bearing debt of Prussia consists of 3,587,090,- 

 550 marks of 3^-per-cent. consols, 1,914,100,650 

 marks paying also 3J per cent., 962,397,400 marks 

 borrowed at 3 per cent., 122,919,559 marks of 

 railroad debt, and 5,175,444 marks taken over 

 from the provinces annexed in 1866. In both prin- 

 cipalities of Reuss the reigning family owns mpst 

 of the land. In Saxe-Altenburg two-thirds of the 

 public revenue is derived from domains and the 

 reserve fund of 5,070,692 marks and one-third 

 from direct taxes. The revenues of Coburg and 

 Gotha are administered separately; they have 

 domain revenues, amounting to 439,600 marks for 

 Coburg and 1,930,028 marks for Gotha; state 

 revenues, amounting to 1,019,120 marks for Co- 

 burg and 2,329,980 marks for Gotha, and a com- 

 mon budget amounting to 2,712,391 marks of 

 revenue and 3,315,552 marks of expenditure. 

 Saxe-Meiningen has state domains yielding 2,852!;- 

 860 marks of revenue, and most of the debt is 

 offset by productive public works. In Saxe- 

 Weimar the forests yield a large income, and the 

 debt is more than covered by domains and funds. 

 Only the ordinary budget of the Kingdom of 

 Saxony is given in the foregoing table, besides 

 which there is an extraordinary budget of 112,- 

 783,186 marks; domains, forests, and railroads 

 produce more than half of the revenue, the debt 

 having been incurred chiefly for the construction 

 of railroads, telegraphs, and other public works. 

 The debt of Wiirtemberg was made almost en- 

 tirely for railroad construction, and the profits 

 from the railroads considerably exceed the inter- 



