GERMANY. 



267 



est on their cost, while forests, domains, mines, 

 and metal and salt works yield nearly 12 per cent, 

 of the total revenue. 



The Army. The whole of the land forces of 

 the empire form a united army under the supreme 

 command of the Kaiser. Bavaria, Saxony, and 

 Wiirtemberg have separate military administra- 

 tions, but the Bavarian military budget must bear 

 a fixed proportion to the expenditures of other 

 departments and the budgets of the other two 

 kingdoms are prepared by the Prussian Ministry 

 of War, which directs the administration of the 

 entire army. All German troops are bound by the 

 Constitution to obey unconditionally all orders of 

 the Kaiser, but in time of peace the oath of fidel- 

 ity is not required from Bavarian soldiers. The 

 strength of the imperial army on the peace footing 

 in 1900 was 23,850 officers and 576,666 men, with 

 102,929 horses. The one-year volunteers, who 

 serve at their own expense and number about 

 8,000 each year, are not included in the legal 

 peace strength. There were 216 infantry regiments, 

 containing 12,056 officers and 267,274 men; 18 

 battalions of rifles, 388 officers and 11,274 men; 

 293 district commands, 870 officers and 5,757 men; 

 and 2,560 infantry paymasters, surgeons, etc., 

 making the total infantry 13,314 officers and 386,- 

 865 men. The cavalry comprised 2,406 officers and 

 6,229 men, with 65,135 horses, the number of regi- 

 ments being 93, outside of which 817 cavalry 

 officers and men were employed in special services. 

 The field-artillery, organized in 88 regiments, con- 

 tained 2,406 officers and 66,229 men, with 32,879 

 horses, and there were 962 officers and men in 

 special services. The foot-artillery consisted of 17 

 regiments and 1 battalion, containing 872 officers 

 and 23,207 men, not counting 134 in special serv- 

 ices. Of pioneers there were 25 battalions, com- 

 prising 571 officers and 14,814 men, excluding 99 

 in special services. There were 3 railroad regi- 

 ments, 2 balloon detachments, 1 battalion of rail- 

 road troops, and 2 railroad companies, consisting 

 altogether of 237 officers and 6,074 men, besides 47 

 in special services. The train consisted of 23 bat- 

 talions, with 4,872 horses, numbering 322 officers 

 and 7,963 men, besides 76 in special services. In 

 special formations there were 544 officers and 

 4,682 men, and there were 2,604 officers and 381 

 men not attached. The peace strength of the 

 army was fixed by the law of March 25, 1899, 

 which continued in force till March 31, 1901, at 

 491,136 men, not counting officers and surgeons 

 nor paymasters and other administrative em- 

 ployees. The war strength is estimated at over 

 3,000,000 trained men. There are 23 army corps, 

 including the Prussian guards, each consisting of 

 2 infantry divisions of 2 brigades, the brigade con- 

 taining 2 regiments of 3 battalions, with a regi- 

 ment of cavalry attached to each division, 1 cav- 

 alry division of 4 regiments, with 2 batteries of 

 mounted artillery; 6 field-batteries and 1 mounted 

 battery, with a battalion of train; and 1 battalion 

 of pioneers. The strength of the infantry battal- 

 ion is 544 men in peace and 1,002 men in war, 

 divided into 4 companies. Each regiment of field- 

 artillery is divided into 3 detachments of 2, 3, or 

 4 batteries, each battery having 4 guns in peace 

 and 6 in war. There are 494 field-batteries, in- 

 cluding 47 of mounted artillery. 



A court-martial held at Gumbinnen raised a 

 similar question as to military justice in Prussia 

 to the one that excited France when the proceed- 

 ings of the first Dreyfus trial were revealed to the 

 public. Capt. von Krosigk was murdered in the 

 barracks on Jan. 22. A non-commissioned officer 

 named Marten and his brother-in-law Hackel were 

 suspected because the murdered officer had often 



treated Marten's father with oppress} \-( harshness, 

 and had reproved young Marten >:>< -MI," morn- 

 ing. They were acquitted at the in-i t.rial, t>ut 

 Marten, who- had escaped when ji, | , in ,]_ 



afterward had given himself up, vva - u 'i mrn-d 

 to a year's imprisonment for deserl 

 second trial before the superior niilit;n 

 Marten was condemned to death. The 

 German press raised a protest against thi 

 tary judgment based on no further evidence 

 that which had resulted in an acquittal, when 

 even the prosecuting officer did not demand the 

 extreme sentence, but a milder one, on the re- 

 markable ground that the evidence against the 

 prisoner was not convincing. The public press 

 showed that there was no evidence, direct or indi- 

 rect, against Marten except the motive of enmity 

 which every man shared with him who was sub- 

 ject to the tyranny of the murdered man. News- 

 papers friendly to the Government cried out 

 against the retention in the army of ill-tempered 

 and overbearing martinets, as well as against per- 

 version of justice in military courts. The dueling 

 code in the German army is a frequent subject of 

 discussion in the Reichstag. Candidates for offi- 

 cers' commissions in the reserves were rejected if 

 they belonged to student societies which con- 

 demned dueling. The murder of Capt. Adams at 

 Mb'rchingen by Lieut. Riiger, whose sole motive 

 was to save his brother, who had a family, from 

 the dangers of a duel which a court of honor had 

 decided must be fought, drew the attention of the 

 whole country to the evils of dueling procedure 

 in the army, which the Emperor as head of the 

 army had expressly condemned. In the autumn 

 another flagrant case shocked all Germany that 

 of an officer who had assisted another who was 

 a stranger to him to his house while the latter 

 was so intoxicated that he did not know what he 

 did, and in that condition struck the man who 

 was helping him. The blow -was found by a court 

 of honor cause for a duel, in which the officer who 

 had received it was mortally wounded. 



The Navy. The German navy in the begin- 

 ning of 1901 had 1 first-class modern battle-ship 

 and 4 building, and 6 not so new, with inferior 

 gun protection; 4 second-class battle-ships; 1 

 armored cruiser and 1 building; 8 obsolete battle- 

 ships; 19 coast-guards; 15 ^protected cruisers;. 

 8 torpedo gunboats; 11 destroyers; and 35 first- 

 class and 103 smaller torpedo-boats. A new 

 navy was sanctioned by the Reichstag in 1898, to 

 consist of 17 battle-ships, 8 armored coast-guards, 

 and 9 first-class and 26 smaller cruisers, with a 

 reserve of 2 battle-ships and 3 first-class and 4 

 smaller cruisers. It was decided to begin 7 of 

 the battle-ships and 2 first-class and 7 smaller 

 cruisers before 1905. The first of the new battle- 

 ships is the Wittelsbach, launched in 1900, of 

 12,000 tons, with 12 inches of side armor, armed 

 with 4 9.4-inch guns, 18 6-inch quick-firers, 

 and 12 3.4-inch quick-firers, having engines of 

 13.000 horse-power, giving a speed of 18 knots. 

 The Kaiser Friedrich III, launched in 1896, and 

 the other vessels of this class, the Wilhelm II, 

 Wilhelm der Grosse, Barbarossa, and Karl der 

 Grosse, of 11,180 tons, are as heavily armed as 

 the Wittelsbach and as swift, but their quick- 

 firers are not in armored casemates. The Bis- 

 marck, an armored cruiser of 10,650 tons, also 

 armed with 4 9.4-inch Krupps and carrying 12 

 6-inch quick-firing guns, 10 3.4-inch, and many 

 smaller ones, has engines of 14,000 horse-power, 

 capable of making 19 knots. The Freya, Hertha, 

 Victoria Louise, Vineta, and Hansa, of 5,650 

 tons, carry 2 8.2-inch, 8 6-inch, and 10 3.4-inch 

 quick-firing guns, all under protection, and there 



