268 



GERMANY. 



is no woodwork in the vessels. The new large 

 cruisers that are building will carry 4 11-inch 

 guns and a strong quick-firing armament. The 

 Siegfried class of coast-guards has- not been dis- 

 carded, these small vessels of 3,440 tons having a 

 speed of 16 knots and an armament of 3 9.4-inch 

 guns, with 6 3.4-inch quick-firers. German ships 

 as a rule are armed as heavily as possible, crowded 

 with guns and machinery, leaving scant room for 

 the crews. The heaviest possible energy of fire is 

 the object of German designers. The Krupp quick- 

 firers, however, are not as easy to work as the 

 Canet guns of the French and Russian navies or 

 the Elswick of the British. The German torpedo- 

 fleet is not only very large, but a system of tor- 

 pedo tactics has been invented for combined 

 action against a squadron. 



Commerce and Production. The yield of 

 wheat in 1900 was 3,847,447 metric tons; of rye, 

 3,675,792 tons; of barley, 2,985,876 tons; of oats, 

 6,882,687 tons; of potatoes, 38,486,202 tons; of 

 hay, 23,767,790 tons. There were 4,038,485 horses, 

 18,490,772 cattle, 10,866,772 sheep, and 14,274,557 

 pigs in 1897. About one-fourth of the area of 

 Germany is covered with forests, and those which 

 are public property yield large revenues to states 

 and communes, while the private forests are under 

 effective state supervision. Many of the richest 

 mines are owned by states. The production of 

 coal in 1899 was 101,621,900 metric tons; of Jig- 

 nite, 34,202,600 tons; of iron ore, 17,989,700 tons; 

 of zinc ore, 664,500 tons ; of lead ore, 144,400 tons ; 

 of copper ore, 733,600 tons; of rock salt, 861,100 

 tons; of potassic salt, 2,500,400 tons; of other 

 minerals, 329,200 tons. The foundries and smelt- 

 ers in 1898 produced 7,312,766 metric tons of pig 

 iron, valued at 378,752,000 marks; 154,867 tons 

 of zinc, valued at 58,834,000 marks; 132,742 tons 

 of lead, valued at 34,222,000 marks; 30,695 tons of 

 copper, valued at 32,728,000 marks; 481 tons of 

 silver, valued at 38,157,000 marks; 993 tons of tin, 

 valued at 1,489,000 marks; 770,197 tons of sul- 

 fur and sulfuric acid, valued at 20,521,000 

 marks; 2,847 kilograms of gold, valued at 7,913,- 

 410 marks; and 35,300 tons of nickel, bismuth, 

 and chemicals, valued at 11,808,000 marks, the 

 total product of all the works being valued at 

 584,424,315 marks. The production of finished iron 

 was 8,523,612 tons, of the value of 1,143,498,729 

 marks. There were 558 boats, of 36,-307 tons, en- 

 gaged in the North Sea fisheries in the beginning 

 of 1900, with 3,829 men in their crews. The value 

 of fresh herring and other fish exported in 1899 

 was 3,341,000 marks, while the imports of fresh 

 fish were 21,957,000 marks and those of salt her- 

 ring 25,782,000 marks, and of other dried, salted, 

 and preserved fish 6,968,000 marks. There were 

 402 sugar factories in 1899, and they consumed 

 12,150,642 metric tons of beet-roots producing 

 1,627,072 tons of raw sugar and 305,869 tons of 

 molasses. The number of kilograms of beets re- 

 quired to produce a kilogram of sugar has been 

 reduced gradually from 8.23 in 1895 to 7.48 in 

 1899. The production of refined sugar was 1,185,- 

 922 tons. There were 28 glucose factories which 

 made 8,196 tons of dry sugar, 36,962 tons of 

 sirup, and 4,405 tons of color. The product of 

 7,312 breweries in the imperial excise district was 

 42,269,000 hectoliters; of the Bavarian breweries, 

 17,455,000 hectoliters; of those of Wurtemberg, 

 4,069,000 hectoliters; of the breweries of Baden, 

 2,947,000 hectoliters; and of those of Alsace-Lor- 

 raine, 1,058,000 hectoliters; total, 67,798,000 hec- 

 toliters. The production of 60,926 distilleries was 

 3,815,569 hectoliters of alcohol. 



The special imports of Germany have increased 

 from 4,134,070,000 marks in 1893 to 4,246,111,000 



marks in 1895, 4,557,951,000 marks in 1896, 4,864,- 

 644,000 marks in 1897, 5,439,676,000 marks in 

 1898, and 5,783,628,000 marks in 1899. The ex- 

 ports of German produce and manufactures have 

 likewise grown steadily from 3,244,562,000 marks 

 in 1893 to 5,424,076,000 marks in 1895, 3,753,822,- 

 000 marks in 1896, 3,786,241,000 marks in 1897, 

 4,010,565,000 marks in 1898, and 4,368,409,000 

 marks in 1899. In 1900 the total value of imports 

 was 5,557,000,000 marks; of exports, 4,414,000,000 

 marks. 



The total value of the special imports in 1899 

 includes 300,532,000 marks of precious metals. 

 The -value was 5,483,096,000 marks for mer- 

 chandise alone. The special exports of merchan- 

 dise were 4,207,049,000 marks, and of precious 

 metals 161,360,000 marks. The imports of mer- 

 chandise have increased from 4,120,669,000 marks 

 in 1895, and exports of merchandise from 4,246,- 

 111,000 marks. The imports of cereals in 1899 were 

 550,300,000 marks in value; of wool, 428,200,000 

 marks; of lumber, 295,300,000 marks; of cotton, 

 243,300,000 marks; of hides and skins, 198,700,000 

 marks; of silk, 165,000,000 marks; of coal, 156,- 

 100,000 marks; of animals, 186,450,000 marks; 

 of coffee, 128,700,000 marks; of seeds, 123,900,000 

 marks; of iron, 114,300,000 marks; of woolen 

 yarn, 113,400,000 marks; of copper, 106,700,000 

 marks; of petroleum, 97,300,000 marks; of eggs, 

 96,300,000 marks; of leaf tobacco, 89,100,000 

 marks; of Chile saltpeter, 77,700,000 marks; of 

 rubber and gutta-percha, 76,700,000 marks; of 

 fish, 68,100,000 marks; of machinery, 65,700,000 

 marks; of fat, 65,200,000 marks; of flax and 

 hemp, 59,700,000 marks; of rice, 57,900,000 marks; 

 of hair and feathers, 57,200,000 marks; of cotton 

 yarn, 55,600,000 marks; of oil-cake, 54,200,000 

 marks; of oil-nuts, 49,900,000 marks; of meat, 

 49,100,000 marks; of wine, 44,300,000 marks; of 

 tropical fruits, 43,200,000 marks. The import 

 of rye was 64,894,000 marks; of wheat, 180,353,000 

 marks; of barley, 127,886,000 marks. Horses of 

 the value of 88,791,000 marks were imported, and 

 hogs of the value of 4,936,000 marks. 



The exports of iron manufactures were valued 

 at 280,900,000 marks; of drugs, 253,200,000 

 marks; of coal, 226,300,000 marks; of woolens, 

 217,200,000 marks; of cottons, 206,100,000 marks; 

 of sugar, 204,100,000 marks; of machinery, 178,- 

 000,000 marks; of iron, 154,200,000 marks; of silk 

 manufactures, 142,700,000 marks; of trimmings, 

 140,400,000 marks; of mixed silk and cotton 

 goods, 113,740,000 marks; of colors, 113,400,000 

 marks; of clothing, 112,100,000 marks; of hides 

 and skins, 98,300,000 marks; of paper, 97,300,000 

 marks; of leather goods, 94,500,000 marks; of 

 cereals, 78,800,000 marks; of leather,, 71,600,000 

 marks; of books and maps, 70,600,000 marks; of 

 wool, 64,800,000 marks; of pottery, 64,100,000 

 marks; of wood manufactures, 63,000,000 marks; 

 of paintings and engravings, 62,200,000 marks ; of 

 copper goods, 59,900,000 marks; of woolen yarn, 

 57,300,000 marks; of instruments, 53,900,000 

 marks; of rubber goods, 51,300,000 marks; of 

 glass, 42,600,000 marks; of seeds and plants, 42,- 

 571,000 marks; of animal products, 40,634,000 

 marks; of fats and oils, 34,656,000 marks; of live 

 animals, 19,714,000 marks; of hops, 17,053,000 

 marks. The export of aniline dyes was 74,925,000 

 marks; of coarse cotton cloth, 74,720,000 marks; 

 of hosiery, 90,174,000 marks. 



The values of imports from and exports to vari- 

 ous countries in 1899, in marks, are shown in the 

 table on the following page. 



Navig-ation. The number of vessels in the for- 

 eign and coasting trade entered at German ports 

 during 1898 was 86,614, of 17,704,824 tons, of 



