INDIA. 



in race 195,460,000 of the population in 1891 

 were of the Indie-Aryan stock, while 52,960,000 

 were Dravidians, 7,290,000 were Burmese, 2,960,- 

 000 Kolarian, 1,330,000 Iranian, 250,000 European, 

 and 139,000 Chinese, Annamese, etc. The birth- 

 rate in 1898 according to the registry was 35.79 

 per mille in Bengal, 37.35 in the Northwest Prov- 

 inces and Oudh. 41 in the Punjab, 29.75 in the 

 Central Provinces, 34.11 in Lower Burma, 29.46 

 in Assam, 27.4 in Madras, 30.94 in Bombay. The 

 death-rate was 20.57 in Bengal, 27.38 in the North- 

 west Provinces and Oudh, 31.1 in the Punjab, 23.4 

 in the Central Provinces, 26.13 in Lower Burma, 

 36.15 in Assam, 21 in Madras, and_ 29.16 in Bom- 

 bay. The coolie emigration, mainly to Natal, 

 Demerara, Trinidad, Dutch Guiana, and Fiji, was 

 10,306 in 1898. Coolie laborers have been em- 

 ployed since 1896 in building the Uganda Rail- 

 roa'd, 5.282 having been sent out up to 1898. 



There were 164 male colleges in 1899 with 20,- 

 842 students, and 5 female colleges with 164 stu- 

 dents; 4,926 secondary schools for males with 525,- 

 868 scholars, and 472 for females with 43,403 

 scholars; 95,240 primary schools for males with 

 2,824,257 scholars, and 5,618 for females with 

 313,289 scholars; 41,515 private schools for males 

 with 558,914 scholars, and 1,290 for females with 

 42,926 scholars; and 651 training and special 

 schools for males with 25,787 scholars, and 69 for 

 females with 2,371 scholars; in all, 142,494 schools 

 for males with 3,955,668 scholars, and 7,454 for 

 females with 402,153 scholars. Of the total num- 

 ber of schools 22,804 were public, 61,494 aided by 

 the Government, and 65,650 private and unaided. 

 The University of Calcutta had 2,721 students in 

 1898, the University of Madras 1,515, and there 

 were 1,042 and 1,082 at the University of Bombay 

 and the Punjab University respectively, arid 637 

 at the University of Allahabad. The educational 

 expenditure in 1899 was Rx 3,621,553. 



Finances. The total public revenue for 1899 

 was 1,014,266,930 rupees. The expenditure was 

 974,653,830 rupees, of which 729,776,180 rupees 

 were expended in India and 244,877,650 rupees 

 in England. The revenue collected by the Gov- 

 ernment of India was 184,402,310 rupees, and the 

 expenditure of the General Government 240,827,- 

 520 rupees; the revenue of the Central Provinces 

 was 25,821,890 rupees, and expenditure 16,855,540 

 rupees; the revenue of Burma was 69,890,400 

 rupees, and expenditure 44,629,220 rupees; the 

 revenue of Assam was 14,448,380 rupees, and 

 expenditure 12,176,870 rupees; the revenue of Ben- 

 gal was 206,258,630 rupees, and expenditure 98,- 

 946,760 rupees; the revenue of the Northwest 

 Provinces and Oudh was 125,035,420 rupees, and 

 expenditure 60,698,290 rupees; the revenue of the 

 Punjab was 93,601,470 rupees, and expenditure 

 53,020,890 rupees; the revenue of Madras was 142,- 

 864,770 rupees, and expenditure 102,498,590 ru- 

 pees; the revenue of Bombay was Rx 148,000,- 

 340, and expenditure Rx 100,122,500; the receipts 

 in England were 3,643,320 rupees. The land rev- 

 enue in 1899 wa"s 274,593,130 rupees, not reckon- 

 ing the addition charged on account of irrigation ; 

 opium revenue, 57,253,300 rupees; revenue from 

 salt, 90,998,710 rupees. 



The revised estimates for the year ending March 

 31, 1900, make the total revenue for that year 

 1.027,985.500 rupees, the land revenue yielding 

 258,012,000 rupees according to the estimate; 

 opium, 66,057,000 rupees; salt, 88,187,000 rupees; 

 stamps, 48,475,000 rupees; excise, Rx 57,909,000; 

 provincial rates, 37,718,000 rupees; customs, 47,- 

 299,000 rupees; assessed taxes, 19.540,000 rupees; 

 forests, 18.656,000 rupees; registration, 4,221,000 

 rupees; tribute, 9,261,000 rupees; interest, 9,069,- 



000 rupees; post-office, telegraphs, and mint, 36j- 

 994,000 rupees; civil departments, 17,629,500 ru- 

 pees; miscellaneous sources, 8,180,000 rupees; rail- 

 roads, 246,964,000 rupees; irrigation, 36,228,000 

 rupees; buildings and roads, 6,627,000 rupees; 

 military departments, 10,359,000 rupees. The total 

 expenditure for 1900 according to the estimates 

 was 992,679,000 rupees; excluding 2,985,000 rupees 

 of provincial balances, it was 989,694,000 rupees, 

 of which 29,317,500 rupees were for interest, 18,- 

 894,000 rupees for refunds and compensation, 93,- 

 118,500 rupees charges of collection, 29,581,000 

 rupees expenses of the post-office, telegraphs, and 

 mint, 161,733,500 rupees civil salaries, 60,778,500 

 rupees miscellaneous civil charges, 31,094,500 

 rupees famine relief and insurance, 36,000 rupees 

 railroad construction charged against revenue, 

 247,091,000 rupees railroad revenue account, 33,- 

 626,500 rupees for irrigation, 61,961,500 rupees for 

 buildings and roads, 225,443,500 rupees for the 

 army, 3,000 rupees for defense works. The budget 

 estimate of revenue for the year ending March 31, 

 1901, was 1,052,337,500 rupees, and the estimate of 

 expenditure was 1,058,191,000 rupees reduced by 

 receipts from provincial balances to 1,049,932,000 

 rupees. Not included in the budget is the ex- 

 penditure on capital account, amounting in 1900 

 to 45,640,000 rupees, and in 1901 to 23,264,500 

 rupees. The sum of 88,836,000 rupees is added 

 to the expenditures for 1901 to provide for the 

 redemption of the stock of the Great Peninsula 

 Railroad, which was purchased by the Govern- 

 ment on June 30, 1900. The deficit anticipated 

 for 1900 was wiped out by increased railroad and 

 other receipts, and there was a surplus of 41,519,- 

 345 rupees, an improvement of 3,330,000 rupees 

 over the revised estimates. The railroads showed 

 a net profit of 1,145,000 rupees. In the budget 

 for 1901 the land revenue was reckoned at 271,- 

 180,000 rupees; opium revenue, 68,397,000 rupees; 

 salt revenue, 87,676,000 rupees; stamps, 49,011,000 

 rupees; excise, 57,290,000 rupees; provincial rates, 

 39,196,000 rupees; customs, 47,013,000 rupees; as- 

 sessed taxes, 19,597,000 rupees; forest receipts, 

 17,833,000 rupees; registration, 4,402,000 rupees; 

 tribute, 9,277,000 rupees; interest, 9,460,000 ru- 

 pees; post-office, telegraphs, and mint, 35,963,000 

 rupees; civil departments, 17,663,000 rupees; mis- 

 cellaneous receipts, 8,161,500 rupees; railroad re- 

 ceipts, 256,973,000 rupees; irrigation receipts, 36,- 

 094,000 rupees; from buildings and roads, 6,657,- 

 500 rupees ; from military departments, 10,563,500 

 rupees. The estimated expenditure in 1901 for in- 

 terest was 29,427,000 rupees; for refunds and com- 

 pensation, 18,657,000 rupees; charges of collec- 

 tion, 96,200,000 rupees; for post-office, telegraphs, 

 and mint, 31,666,000 rupees; for civil salaries, 

 166,342,000 rupees; for miscellaneous civil charges, 

 59,011,000 rupees; for famine relief and insurance, 

 50,525,000 rupees; for railroad construction, 1,278,- 

 000 rupees; railroad revenue account, 264,253,500 

 rupees; irrigation, 34,507,000 rupees; for build- 

 ings and roads, 62,442,000 rupees; for the army. 

 243,881,500 rupees. The material loss to India 

 caused by the famine is estimated at 50,000,000. 

 The charge borne by the revenue for relief exceeded 

 10,000,000, besides advances and loans amount- 

 ing to 5,000,000. The relief expenditure was met 

 without any additional taxation. In the financial 

 year 1901 a deficiency was looked for. There was, 

 however, an increase under nearly all the heads 

 of revenue, so that a surplus was realized amount- 

 ing to 1,824,000, reckoning 15 rupees to the pound 

 sterling. This does not include a profit of 3,000,- 

 000 from the coinage of rupees. The increase of 

 revenue over 1900 was 2,100000, the high price 

 of opium giving 572,000 additional, salt 106,- 



