316 



ITALY. 



men and raising local mijitia for the preservation 

 of order, proved a failure because neither head men 

 nor local militia, though willing to take the pay 

 of the Government, would lift their hands to re- 

 strain, much less to punish their fellow tribesmen, 

 for if the tribal levies shot at their brethren they 

 committed a grave offense against the Pathan 

 code of honor and invited blood feuds against 

 themselves and their relatives. On Dec. 1, 1900, 

 a new policy was put into operation. The tribe 

 \\liic-h did not pay fines due was subjected to a 

 stringent blockade. The Mahsud tribe being de- 

 linquent, all Mahsuds residing in British territory 

 were compelled to return to their homes, and 

 trade or intercourse with Mahsud territory was 

 prohibited. The stoppage of subsidies and the 

 blockade caused much distress. The tribe sur- 

 rendered firearms and paid three-fourths of the 

 fine of a lakh of rupees, giving up their cattle; 

 but when the Government insisted that the re- 

 mainder must be paid in cash, they could not 

 or would not raise the money, and hostilities 

 broke out. The Mahsuds began to raid across the 

 border in July. They attacked the Sikh garrison 

 at Jandola and different militia posts, compelling 

 the one at Kashmir Kar, in the Gomal pass, to . 

 surrender. The military authorities were in- 

 formed of the impending hostilities before the 

 outbreak, and a force of Sikhs advanced to block 

 the Sarakwai passes without much success. 

 Raiders wrecked the telegraph-line and attacked 

 military detachments and parties of civilians 

 wherever they were found traveling through the 

 country. 



The efforts of the Russians to establish rela- 

 tions with Tibet drew the attention of the Indian 

 Government from the northwestern to the north- 

 eastern frontier. Trade between Tibet and India 

 through Ladakh, in Kashmir, had declined or 

 passed into the hands of the French and Germans, 

 who sent imitation Kashmir shawls into Tibet. 

 The attempts formerly made to establish political 

 relations with the Lamas by opening the route 

 through Sikkim failed, but the trade secured by 

 the opening of a market in 1890 at Yatung, on the 

 Tibetan frontier, has grown slowly, amounting to 

 823,000 rupees for imports and 963,000 rupees for 

 exports in 1899, the exports to Tibet consisting 

 largely of German goods, the imports being coarse 

 wool to be woven into carpets and blankets in 

 England and the United States, musk, and fine 

 wool, lambskins, and woolen cloth destined for 

 China, the trade being carried on by Chinese mer- 

 chants. In case of political developments in Tibet 

 the Indian Government is prepared to send troops 

 into the Chinese dependency both by the Sikkim 

 route, which has been reconnoitred, or through 

 Kashmir or Nepaul. 



INDIANA. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 IOWA. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 ITALY, a kingdom in southern Europe. The 

 throne is hereditary in the line of Savoy by male 

 descent in the order of primogeniture. The reign- 

 ing King is Vittorio Emmanuele III, born Nov. 

 11, 1869, only son of Umberto I of Italy and 

 Quern Margherita, daughter of Prince Ferdinando 

 of Savoy. King Vittorio, who succeeded to the 

 throne in consequence of the assassination of his 

 father on July 29, 1900, married, on Oct. 26, 1896, 

 Princess Helena, daughter of the reigning Prince 

 of Montenegro. The legislative authority is 

 vested in the Parliament, consisting of a Senate, 

 containing 334 members in 1899, who are nomi 

 nated for life by reasori of public services or emi- 

 nence in science, literature, or other pursuit tend- 

 ing to the benefit of the nation, and a Chamber of 

 Deputies containing 508 members, 1 to 57,000 of 



population, elected by all adult male citizens who 

 can read and write and who pay 20 lire of direct 

 taxes or occupy land or a tenement or place of 

 business of a certain minimum renting value. 

 Soldiers in active service have no votes, and pub- 

 lic officials, excepting ministers and under-secre- 

 taries of state, certain superior functionaries, 

 military and naval officers, and clergymen with 

 cures, are not eligible. The duration of Parlia- 

 ment, unless previously dissolved, is five years. 



The Cabinet constituted on June 24, 1900, and 

 holding office at the beginning of 1900, was com- 

 posed as follows: President of the Council and 

 Minister of the Interior, Giuseppe Saracco; Min- 

 ister of Foreign Affairs, Marchese Visconti Ve- 

 nosta; Minister of War, Lieut. -Gen. Conte Corio- 

 lano Ponza di San Martino; Minister of Marine, 

 Vice- Admiral Constantini Enrico Morin; Minis- 

 ter of Justice, E. Gianturco; Minister of Finance, 

 B. Chimirri; Minister of the Treasury, G. Rubini; 

 Minister of Public Works, A. Branca ; Minister 

 of Public Instruction, N. Gallo; Minister of 

 Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, P. Car- 

 cano; Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, A. Pas- 

 colato. 



Area and Population. The area of Italy, as 

 determined by a recent Government survey, is 

 110,646 square miles. The population as deter- 

 mined by the census of Feb. 9, 1901, was 32,045,- 

 404, an increase of 4,000,000 since the census of 

 Dec. 31, 1881. The number of marriages in 1899 was 

 235,665, against 219,597 in 1898; of births, 1,088,- 

 558, against 1,070,074; of deaths, 703,393, against 

 732,265; excess of births, 385,165, against 337,809. 

 The number of emigrants in 1899 was 308,339, of 

 \vhom 162,899 went to other countries in Europe, 

 63,156 to the United States, 46,648 to the Argen- 

 tine Republic, Uruguay, and Paraguay, 26,574 to 

 Brazil, 4,566 to northern Africa, 1,267 to Central 

 America, 1,021 to Canada, 860 to parts of America 

 not specified, 408 to Chile and Peru, and 940 to 

 other countries. Of the total number of emi- 

 grants 20,911 went from Piedmont, of whom 12,- 

 013 were temporary; 3,473 from Liguria, 159 of 

 them temporary; 19,266 from Lombardia, 12,449 

 declaring their emigration temporary; 114,228 

 from Liguria, 109,319 being temporary; 18,389 

 from Emilia, 14,885 being temporary; 15,409 from 

 Toscana, 10,756 being temporary; 7,193 from the 

 Marches, 1,784 of them temporary; 1,096 from 

 Umbria, 760 of them temporary; 1,489 from 

 Lazio, of whom 981 were temporary; 17,522 from 

 Abruzzi and Molise, of whom 1,187 were tempo- 

 rary; 34,414 from Campania, of whom 7,572 were 

 temporary; 3,653 from Puglie, of whom 662 were 

 temporary; 8,906 from Basilicata; 17,713 from 

 Calabria; 24,604 from Sicilia, of whom 4,443 de- 

 clared their absence temporary; and 73 from Sar- 

 degna, of whom 61 Avere temporary; total 308,339, 

 including 177,031 temporary emigrants. The 

 population of the chief towns at the close of 1899 

 was: Naples, 544,057; Rome, 512,423; Milan, 492,- 

 162; Turin, 359,295; Palermo, 292,799;. Genoa, 

 237,486; Florence, 216,0.51; Bologna. 158,975; 

 Venice, 157,785; Messina, 156,552. The increase in 

 population in twenty years as shown by the cen- 

 sus was greatest in the Lazio, or Roman district, 

 where it amounted to 17.5 per cent.; next greatest 

 in Liguria, where the rate was 11.1 per cent.; in 

 Sicily next, with an increase of 10.7 per cent.; 

 and in Sardinia, with 8.2 per cent, increase. 



Finances. The budget estimate of revenue for 

 the year ending June 30, 1901, was 1,726,421,692 

 lire. The ordinary receipts were estimated at 

 1,709,035.623 lire, and the extraordinary receipts 

 at 17,386,069 lire. The ordinary expenditures 

 were estimated at 1,628,951,044 lire, and extraor- 



