318 



ITALY. 



lire were the permanent. annuity due to the Holy 

 See. The annual sinking-fund amounted to 2,449,- 

 587 lire. The state property was estimated to be 

 worth 4,055,900,500 lire, consisting of assets in 

 the treasury to the amount of 729,975,304 lire, 

 movable and immovable property, loans, and se- 

 curities valued at 507,855.103 lire, property of 

 an industrial nature estimated at 1,352,492,914 

 lire, military and naval property estimated at 

 1,402,372,779 lire, property used in the service of 

 the state estimated worth 445,048.848 lire, and 

 scientific and artistic material valued at 218,155,- 

 552 lire. The revenue from state property in 1899 

 was 84.048.921 lire from railroads, 1,728,538 lire 

 from ecclesiastical property, 8,322,418 lire from 

 fixed capital. 2.880.159 lire from canals, and 2,307,- 

 200 lire from various capitals; total revenue from 

 capital. 99.287.102 lire. The national debt on 

 June 30. 1900, amounted to 12,881,500,000 lire. 

 The Italian rentes were formerly held largely 

 abroad, but in recent years Italians have absorbed 

 most of the foreign holdings. 



The Army. The military law of June 28, 1897, 

 provides that young men drawn by lot for service 

 remain two or three years under arms, except 

 carabineers and non-commissioned officers, who 

 stay with the army five years. Men of a second 

 category are called out for training two to six 

 months, and are then attached to the permanent 

 army eight or nine years with unlimited leave of 

 abseVice. Men of a third category are inscribed in 

 the territorial militia, receiving thirty days of 

 training. In 1898 there were 301, (554 recruits ex- 

 amined at the completion of their twentieth 

 year, of whom 84,584 were put back, 72,495 were 

 found unfit for service, 100,943 were assigned to 

 the first category, 233 to the second, and 97,399 to 

 the third. The permanent army in June, 1899, 

 had under arms 13,043 effective officers, 275 offi- 

 cers on half pay, 23,749 carabineers, 119,175 in- 

 fantry. 14.072 bersaglieri, 11,005 Alpine troops, 

 9.953 men in the military districts, 24,328 cavalry, 

 33,284 artillery, 8,994 engineers, 1,438 in the mili- 

 tary schools, 2.014 in the sanitary corps, 1,952 in 

 the commissariat, 101 in the invalid and veteran 

 corps, 2,321 in the penal establishments, and 381 

 in the remount depots; total 13,918 officers and 

 254,087 men. There were 11,504 officers on un- 

 limited leave in the permanent army, and the 

 mobile militia and the territorial army had be- 

 sides 4,233 effective and 0,254 reserve officers. The 

 troops on unlimited leave in the permanent army 

 numbered 571,254, and those of the mobile militia 

 304.587, and the territorial army had 2,100,233 

 men, making the total war strength of the army 

 3.272.070 men of all ranks. This does not include 

 the special African corps, which in 1900 numbered 

 0.780 regular troops, including 5,457 natives and 

 708 irregulars. 



The Navy. The Italian navy in the spring of 

 1901 had 3 effective battle-ships of the first- or 

 second-class, 8 armored cruisers, 4 third-class bat- 

 tle-ships, 5 old ones that were still effective, 12 

 protected cruisers, 15 torpedo gunboats, 5 destroy- 

 ers, 11 first-class, 100 second-class, and 71 third- 

 class torpedo-boats, and 1 submarine boat. The 

 Ammiraglio di Saint-Bon and Emmanuele Fili- 

 berto, of 9,800 tons, the latest completed battle- 

 ships, have a 10-inch steel belt and 3-inch protec- 

 tive deck, engines of 13,500 horse-power, giving a 

 speed of 18 knots, and an armament consisting of 

 4 10-inch guns mounted in turrets and 8 G-inch 

 and 8 4.7-inch quick-firing guns. The turret ships 

 Kegina Margherita and Benedetto Brin, of 13,500 

 tons, not fully ready for sea, have 8-inch Terni 

 armor, engines of 18,000 horse-power, designed to 

 make 21 knots, and an armament of 4 12-inch, 4 



8-inch quick-firing, 12 6-inch quick-firing, and 8 

 3-inch quick-firing guns. The Regina Elena and 

 Vittorio Emmanuele, not yet launched, will have 

 a displacement of 12,025 tons, engines of 20,000 

 horse-power, intended for a speed of 22 knots, and 

 an armament of 2 12-inch guns in turrets, and 

 12 8-inch and 12 3-inch quick-firers. Their pro- 

 tection is a 10-inch Terni belt, 10 inches on the 

 turrets, 8 inches on the bulkheads, and inches 

 on the secondary battery, impervious to shells at 

 every point. A ne\v naval program has been 

 adopted, to cost 419,000,000 lire spread over 

 twelve years. From 1901 to 1904 the vessels al- 

 ready begun will be completed, and 5 10,000-ton 

 armor-clads built at a total cost of 203,000,000 

 lire, the projected vessels to cost 24,000,000 lire 

 each; between 1904 and 1909 5 more armor-clads 

 of about the same size and strength are to be 

 built, with 1 smaller one, 2 auxiliary vessels, and 

 11 torpedo-boats to take the place of obsolete 

 ones, the whole to cost 139,000,000 lire; and be- 

 tween 1909 and 1912 various obsolete vessels will 

 be replaced at a cost of 77,000,000 lire. 



Commerce and Production. The production 

 of wheat in 1899 was 48,000,000 hectoliters; of 

 corn, 31,200,000 hectoliters; of wine, 31,800,000 

 hectoliters; of olive-oil, 920,000 hectoliters; the 

 number of citrus fruits gathered, 4,050,000,000. 

 There were 4,930 hectares planted to tobacco in 

 1898. Silk culture employed 550,048 persons in 

 1895, and 172,000 persons were employed in spin- 

 ning and weaving silk. The average annual pro- 

 duction of cocoons is 50,000,000 kilograms; of 

 silk, 4,405,000 kilograms. There were 40,143 cat- 

 tle exported and 16,855 imported, 35,584 sheep 

 exported and 5,217 imported, 1,019 goats exported 

 and 2,942 imported, and 73,391 hogs exported and 

 1,582 imported in 1899. The forests cover 4,093,- 

 000 hectares, and their products are estimated to 

 be worth 88,000,000 lire a year. The value of 

 agricultural and horticultural products is 2,047,- 

 000,000 lire; of animal products, 1,424,000,000 

 lire. The production of iron ores in 1898 was 190,- 

 110 metric tons; of manganese ore, 3,002 tons; of 

 ferro-manganese, 11,150 tons; of copper ore, 95,128 

 tons; of zinc ore, 132,099 tons; of lead ore, 33,930 

 tons; of silver ore, 435 tons; of gold ore, 9,549 

 tons; of antimony ore, 1,931 tons; of quicksilver 

 ore, 19,201 tons; of iron and copper pyrites, 67,- 

 191 tons; of mineral fuel, 341,327 tons; of sulfur 

 ore, 3,302,841 tons, valued at 40,375,152 lire; total 

 value of mineral products, 71,804,000 lire; value 

 of marble quarried, 15,000,000 lire. The number 

 of fishing vessels and boats at the end of 1898 

 was 23,578, of 08,054 tons, of which 184, of 1,215 

 tons, were engaged in the coral fisheries. There 

 were 83,834 fishermen, of whom 6,554 were en- 

 gaged in deep-sea and foreign fishing. 



The total value of special imports of merchan- 

 dise in 1899 was 1,506,561,188 lire, and of special 

 exports 1,437,416,398 lire. The imports of pre- 

 cious metals were 5,529,700 lire, and exports 15,- 

 845.900 lire. The imports of coal were 150,640,236 

 lire in value; of raw cotton, 107,951,992 lire; of 

 silk, raw and twisted, 102,406,700 lire; of wheat, 

 90,755,020 lire; of machinery, 61,102,974 lire; of 

 wool, 51,785,750 lire; of timber, 43,585,780 lire; of 

 hides, 41,090,385 lire; of fish, 30,304,033 lire; of 

 horses, 29,541,000 lire; of leaf tobacco, 19,138,193 

 lire; of raw sugar, 17,058,272 lire; of bar iron and 

 steel, 15,733,094 lire; of olive-oil, 15,202,708 lire; 

 of refined mineral oil, 14.992,047 lire; of coffee, 

 12.774.100 lire; of linen and hemp yarn, 10,750,030 

 lire: of cheese, 5,350,935 lire; of cotton yarn, 

 4,717,305 lire; of indigo, 3,985,000 lire; of railroad 

 materials, 2,133,755 lire; of silkworm eggs, 1,957.- 

 500 lire; of printed cottons, 1,903,730 lire; of cot- 



