NICARAGUA. 



men, Charles V. Fornes; Justices of the Supreme 

 Court for the First Judicial District, Morgan J. 

 O Brien, James A. Blanchard, John 1'roctor 

 Clarke, and Samuel Greenbaum; Judge of the 

 City Court, Samuel Seabury; Sheriff', \Villiam J. 

 O'Brien; County Clerk, Thomas L. Hamilton; 

 District-Attorney, William Travers Jerome; Reg- 

 ister, John -H. J. Ronner; President of the Bor- 

 ough of Manhattan, Jacob A. Cantor; Coroners 

 of the Borough of Manhattan, Gustav Scholer, 

 Solomon Goldenkranz, Moses J. Jackson, and 

 Nicholas T. Brown; also 73 aldermen and 00 

 members of the Assembly. Democratic Mayor, 

 Edward M. Shepard; Comptroller, William W. 

 Ladd, Jr.; President of the Board of Aldermen, 

 George M. Van Hoesen; Justices of the Supreme 

 Court for the First Judicial District, Robert A. 

 Van Wyck, Morgan J. O'Brien, Charles H. Knox, 

 and Charles W. Dayton; Judge of the City Court, 

 John P. Schuchman; Sheriff, John T. Oakley; 

 County Clerk, George H. Fahrbach; District At- 

 torney, Henry W. Unger; Register, Frank J. 

 Goodwin; President of the Borough of Manhat- 

 tan, Isaac Fromme; Coroners of the Borough of 

 Manhattan, Edward T. Fitzpatrick, Edward W. 

 Hart, Jacob E. Bausch, and Antonio Zucca; also 

 73 aldermen and 60 members of the Assembly. 

 A canvass of remarkable interest followed, in 

 which the dishonest rule of Tammany, as shown 

 in the corrupt practises of the Police* Department 

 and the apathy in the office of the District At- 

 torney, was thoroughly exposed, and the high 

 standing of the fusion candidates established. 

 A particularly interesting feature of the canvass 

 was the candidacy of William T. Jerome, whose 

 efforts as judge of a criminal court to secure the 

 conviction of political criminals had been so per- 

 sistently opposed by the higher Tammany of- 

 ficials. The entire fusion ticket was elected in 

 the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Rich- 

 mond, while in Queens and the Bronx the Demo- 

 cratic candidates for borough presidents were suc- 

 cessful, and for the Board of Aldermen there were 

 elected 26 Democrats from the boroughs of Man- 

 hattan and the Bronx, 5 from Brooklyn, 2 from 

 Queens, and 1 from Richmond, and 18 fusionists 

 from the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, 

 17 from Brooklyn, 2 from Queens, and 2 from 

 Richmond. Also the following Assemblymen: 

 Democrats from Manhattan and the Bronx, 24; 

 from Brooklyn, 7; and from Queens, 2. Fusion- 

 ists from Manhattan and the Bronx, 11; from 

 Brooklyn, 14; from Queens, 1; and from Rich- 

 mond, 1. The total vote cast for Mayor was 

 560,120, out of which Mr. Low received 294,992, 

 or a plurality of 29,864 over his nearest opponent. 

 Subsequent to the election Nicholas Muller, Rep- 

 resentative from the Seventh Congressional Dis- 

 trict, tendered his resignation, and Montague 

 Lessler (Republican) and Perry Belmont (Demo- 

 crat) were nominated to fill the vacancy. 



Events. On April 14, the corner-stone of a new. 

 Hall of Records was laid at the corner of Center 

 and Chambers Streets. On May 30, the Hall of 

 Fame of the New York University was inaugu- 

 rated. On June 5, representatives of the New 

 York Chamber of Commerce were entertained in 

 London. On Sept. 18, the fiftieth anniversary of 

 the initial publication of the New York Times 

 was celebrated by the issuing of a historical and 

 commemorative number. On Nov. 10, the corner- 

 stone of the new building for the Chamber of 

 Commerce was laid on Liberty Street, between 

 Nassau Street and Broadway. 



NICABAGUA, a republic of Central America. 

 The Congress by the provisions of the Constitu- 

 tion of Dec. 10, 1896, consists of a single chamber 



395 



of 40 members elected by miivcr^il jjdnii ,.,],. stl f. 

 frage for two years. The I're.-ident H i-li-eU-il \,y 

 the direct popular vote for ;i. {<-\-\i\ ,\ >,,i u 

 Gen. Jose Santos Zelaya was choM M I'lcsidT-ui <,f 

 the republic for the term ending .Jan. 

 The Cabinet consisted at the begiiiiiinu r,'i \\\>~\ 

 of the following members: Minist* i oi UK- In- 

 terior, Justice, Police, and Ecclesiastical ;\ 

 Gen. Fernando Abaunza; Minister of Foreign Ai 

 fairs and Public Instruction, J)r. Fernando San- 

 chez; Minister of Finance and Public Credit, Col. 

 Felix Pedro Zelaya; Minister of Public Works, 

 Dr. Leopoldo Ramirez Mairena. 



Area and Population. The republic has an 

 area of 49,200 square miles, with about 450,000 

 inhabitants, mostly Indians, with an admixture 

 of negro blood. There were 2 universities and 10 

 colleges with 308 instructors, and 323 primary 

 schools with 323 teachers and 17,803 pupils in 

 1900. 



Finances. The revenue for the calendar year 

 1898 was $4,009,603 in silver, and the expenditure 

 $4,824,138. Of the revenue $1,604,425 were derived 

 from customs, $1,059,946 from duties on liquor 

 and tobacco, $192,395 from a tax on cattle slaugh- 

 tered, $590,475 from railroads, posts, and tele- 

 graphs, and $562,462 from stamps, the gunpowder 

 and other monopolies, and an export duty on cat- 

 tle. Of the expenditure $1,809,131 were assigned 

 to the Ministry of War, $852,430 to the Ministry 

 of Public Works, $781,204 to the Ministry of 

 Finance, $325,070 to the Ministry of Public In- 

 struction, $477,462 to police, $391,308 to the in- 

 terior, and $153,880 to justice. The budget esti- 

 mate of revenue for 1900 is $8,408,000, of which 

 customs produce $3,375,000, the liquor and to- 

 bacco duties $1,360,000, the slaughter tax $200,000, 

 the export duty on coffee $200,000, the export duty 

 on cattle $60,000, and railroads, posts, and tele- 

 graphs, and other services $903,000. The expendi- 

 ture for 1900 was estimated in the budget at $6,- 

 414,951, of which $1,066,070 were for the Ministry 

 of War and Marine, $2,454,912 for the Ministry of 

 Finance, $1,153,378 for the Ministry of Public 

 Works, and $471,792 for the Ministry of Public 

 Instruction. About 2,000 men are maintained as 

 the regular army, with 10,000 in the reserve and a 

 National Guard of 5,000. 



The external debt was raised in London in 188G 

 to build railroads. The Government defaulted in 

 the payment of interest in 1894, and in 1895 made 

 an arrangement with the creditors to reduce the 

 future interest from 6 to 4 per cent, and that in 

 arrears to 3 per cent. The original loan was 

 285,000 sterling. On July 1, 1900, the amount 

 outstanding was 272,100, besides 6,505 of cou- 

 pons unpaid. The internal debt was $7,782,810 in 

 1898. 



Commerce and Production. Cattle-raising 

 was the chief occupation of the people until set- 

 tlers from Germany and the United States intro- 

 duced the planting of coffee and bananas. Cacao 

 is grown for local consumption. There are about 

 400,000 cattle, and the export of hides is still con- 

 siderable. Rubber w r as one of the main articles of 

 export, but from Jan. 1, 1898, its exportation has 

 been prohibited, excepting from the department of 

 Zelaya, formerly the Mosquito Territory. The 

 rubber-tree has recently been planted extensively. 

 The sugar production in 1899 was 65,000 hundred- 

 weight; the production of spirits, 838,373 liters. 

 There are 109 mines worked by American, a few 

 by British companies. Most of the ores contain 

 both gold and silver, some of them silver with 

 copper. The export of gold bars and dust in- 

 creased from 8,000 ounces in 1895 to 16,242 ounces 

 in 1898. 



