OBITUARIES, AMERICAN. (RuoGLES SAMFOED.) 



465 



tional Government. His name is associated with 

 the diffraction gratings prepared by him. Recog- 

 nizing the necessity for more perfect appliances 

 in this field, he constructed a dividing-engine for 

 ruling gratings, the essential parts of which were 

 a screw of nearly perfect uniformity of pitch and 

 a most ingenious device for the correction of peri- 

 odic errors. Greater advantages being possible 

 with concave gratings, he extended his method to 

 their production, and his plane and concave grat- 

 ings are now in use in all the physical labora- 

 tories of the world. With these he made a study 

 of the solar spectrum, and in order to supplement 

 eye observations he studied photographic meth- 

 ods and prepared his own plates. He mapped 

 the solar spectrum from the extreme red to the 

 ultra-violet, and prepared enlarged maps, which 

 he published. Following this, he began the sys- 

 tematic study of the arc spectra of all the ele- 

 ments, a work which he had not finished at the 

 time of his death. He also devoted much atten- 

 tion to the theory of alternating currents, and 

 their application for practical purposes. He de- 

 vised a system of multiplex telegraphy depending 

 upon synchronous motors, which gained for him 

 a grand medal at the Paris Exposition in 1900. 

 Prof. Rowland's knowledge of electricity was fre- 

 quently taken advantage of, and the general treat- 

 ment of the employment of the force at Niagara 

 Falls for the generation of electricity was devel- 

 oped by him. When the Keely motor was sub- 

 mitted to a board of scientific experts by the 

 originator, Rowland alone exposed its true nature 

 as subsequently shown. His remarkable skill as 

 an amateur photographer was testified to by 

 numerous prizes awarded to him at international 

 exhibitions. In 1881 he was made a member of 

 the Electrical Commission in Paris, and later he 

 was appointed a permanent member of the Inter- 

 national Commission for establishing electrical 

 units. He was made a chevalier of the Legion 

 of Honor in 1881, and in 1896 was advanced to the 

 grade of officer. The Rumford medals of the 

 American Academy were awarded him in 1884, 

 and the Matteucci medal in 1897, in addition to 

 which he received medals of award at the world's 

 fairs in Chicago and Paris for his scientific in- 

 ventions. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred 

 upon him by Johns Hopkins University in 1880, 

 and that of LL. D. by Yale in 1895 and by Prince- 

 ton in 1896. In 1883 he presided over the section 

 of physics of the American Association for the 

 Advancement of Science, delivering a valuable 

 opening address entitled A Plea for Pure Science, 

 and in 1881 he was elected to the National Acad- 

 emy of Sciences. His researches were given to 

 the world in monographs and papers contributed 

 to scientific journals and to the proceedings of 

 societies, and number more than 100. 



Buggies, James M., lawyer, born in Richland 

 County, Ohio, March 7, 1818; died in Havana, 

 111., Feb. 9, 1901. He is said to have drafted 

 the platform on which the Republican party was 

 organized in Illinois, being one of a committee, 

 with Abraham Lincoln and Ebenezer Peck, ap- 

 pointed for that purpose at the session of the 

 Illinois Legislature in February, 1856. As the 

 other members of the committee were otherwise 

 engaged, the chief work devolved on Gen. Rug- 

 gles. At the outbreak of the civil war he was 

 appointed by Gov. Yates a lieutenant in the 1st 

 Illinois Cavalry. When mustered out in 1864 he 

 was lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Illinois Cavalry, 

 and for a time had commanded the regiment. At 

 the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier- 

 general. He was the author of the first drainage 

 law in Illinois. 



VOL. XLI. 30 A 



Sadtler, Benjamin, c'ducalnr, born in Balti- 

 more, Md., Dec. 25, 182,'j; died in Atlantic City, 

 N. J., April 28, 1901. Ho received In, . -din-ation 

 in the institutions at Gettysburg, I'a., and was 

 licensed to preach by the Lutheran synod of 

 Maryland in 1844. He served as pa.^toi al 1'inc- 

 grove, Shippensburg, Middlctovvn, and Ku^ton, in 

 Pennsylvania. From 1802 to 1875 he \va- prin- 

 cipal of the college for women at Lui h< i vili< , 

 Md., and from 1870 to 1885 he was president of 

 Muhlenberg College. He was specially noted as 

 an English scholar and writer. He was disabled 

 by an accident, retired from regular active service 

 in 1885, and removed to his former home at Balti- 

 more, but was still busily engaged in various 

 spheres and as a writer for numerous periodicals 

 of the Church. 



Safford, Truman Henry, mathematician, born 

 in Royalton, Vt., Jan. 6, 1836; died in Newark, 

 N. J., June 13, 1901. At an early age he at- 

 tracted attention by his powers of calculation. 

 When six years old he could mentally extract 

 the square and cube roots of numbers of 9 and 10 

 places of figures, and could multiply 4 figures by 

 4 figures as rapidly as it could be done on paper. 

 In 1845 he prepared an almanac, and at the age 

 of fourteen calculated the elliptic elements of the 

 first comet of 1849. He abridged by one-fourth 

 the labor of calculating the rising and setting of 

 the moon, and after long and difficult problems 

 had been read to him once he could give their 

 results without effort. He was graduated at 

 Harvard University in 1854, and was appointed to 

 a place in the observatory there, which he held ten 

 years. He then became director of Dearborn Ob- 

 servatory of the old Chicago University, serving 

 till 1874, when he became connected with the 

 United States Coast Survey. He directed the 

 survey of the boundaries of New Mexico and 

 Utah. In 1876 he was appointed Professor of 

 Astronomy in Williams College, which chair he 

 held at his death. He published a Continual 

 Star Catalogue for Williams College and two 

 north-polar star catalogues for Harvard Observa- 

 tory. 



Salisbury, Edward Elbridge, philologist, 

 born in Boston, Mass., April 6, 1814; died in New 

 Haven, Conn., Feb. 5, 1901. He was graduated 

 at Yale College in 1832, and studied theology 

 there. From 1836 to 1839 he studied Oriental 

 languages in Paris and Berlin. In 1841 he was 

 made Professor of Arabic arid Sanskrit in Yale, 

 holding the chair of Sanskrit till 1854 and that 

 of Arabic till 1856. About this time he was 

 elected corresponding secretary of the American 

 Oriental Society, and he conducted its journal 

 for several years. He became president of the 

 society in 1863. He received the degree of LL. D. 

 from Yale in 1869, and from Harvard in 1886. 

 He was the author of several volumes of Gene- 

 alogical and Biographical Monographs. 



Samford, William James, Governor of Ala- 

 bama, born near Gainesville, Ga., Sept. 16, 1844; 

 died in Tuscaloosa, Ala., June 12, 1901. His boy- 

 hood was spent on a farm and in a printing-office. 

 In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate army, and 

 was promoted to lieutenant. After the war he 

 read law, paying especial attention to constitu- 

 tional law. He was a presidential elector in 1872, 

 and again in 1876. In 1875 he was a member 

 of the Alabama Constitutional Convention. In 

 1878 he was elected to Congress. Later he served 

 two terms in the Senate of Alabama, and during 

 the second term he was president of that body. 

 In 1900 he was elected Governor of Alabama, 

 receiving 115,187 votes, against 28,288 for his Re- 

 publican opponent. 



