526 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



321 men. Aguinaldo had made an offer to secure 

 the surrender of all the insurgent leaders on cer- 

 tain terms. The proposals were referred to W ash- 

 ington, and the Government declined to bargain 

 with him, though any aid that he rendered would 

 be taken into consideration in determining his 

 future. Major Alhambra, who escaped by swim- 

 ming when Aguinaldo was taken, remained in 

 the neighborhood with Aguinaldo's body-guard. 

 After he had kidnaped the alcalde of Casiguran 

 on Sept. 12 he was pursued by a force which went 

 to Baler on a steamer, and* on Sept. 20 he sur- 

 rendered, with 31 officers and men and their rifles. 

 Between June 10 and Sept. 15 the number of 

 Filipinos who gave themselves up was 361 officers 

 and 3,038 men, while 26 officers and 494 men were 

 captured. The officers captured were deported to 

 Guam when their loyalty could not be depended 

 upon. Aguinaldo was kept under guard in Ma- 

 nila. Excepting Malvar in Batangas province and 

 Lukban in Samar, there were no important leaders 

 still under arms in Luzon. In Batangas and 

 Tayabas the worst form of guerrilla warfare was 

 carried on by bands which were distributed along 

 the roads and trails, lying in wait for travelers. 

 Caballos, who refused to surrender with Gen. 

 Cailles, was driven by the troops into the moun- 

 tains. When the troops succeeded in breaking up 

 the bands in Luzon and occupying the country so 

 thoroughly that they could not carry on their 

 operations, the rebels who were not captured or 

 returned to peaceful occupations escaped to Samar 

 and joined the force of Gen. Lukban. 



In September there was a recrudescence of con- 

 spiracy and rebellion. A branch of the Katipunan 

 Society was discovered at Tarlac, of which the 

 presidente of Banoang, Marcelino Marivilla, was 

 suspected of being the organizer. Some of the 

 recently armed native constabulary joined the 

 movement, the object of which was a sudden ris- 

 ing and slaughter of the whites. The police force 

 at Banan, in Batangas, was disarmed. Some of the 

 police and civil officials were placed on trial for 

 furnishing information to the insurgents. When 

 Major Braganza, an insurgent officer, was caught 

 he was sentenced to be hanged for having mas- 

 sacred 103 Spanish prisoners. Miguel Malvar 

 went over from Batangaa into Bulucan prov- 

 ince, where he enlisted men to recruit his force. 

 The introduction of autonomous local administra- 

 tion gave opportunities for the fomentation and 

 organization of insurrection. On the other hand 

 it gave assurance to the peacefully and indus- 

 trially inclined, who form the bulk of the agri- 

 cultural population, that their apprehensions were 

 unfounded. The people in the pacified parts of 

 the country manifested a lively interest in their 

 local affairs and in the promotion of reforms un- 

 der American supervision. The expenditure of all 

 the fines that were collected on schools and public 

 works was a feature of American administration 

 that they appreciated highly. Autonomous ad- 

 ministration was introduced gradually, and was 

 superintended in all its details by the American 

 officers, as the Filipinos expect and require a large 

 degree of paternal government. The successive 

 formation of superior representative bodies en- 

 couraged the natives to take an active part in the 

 management of local and provincial affairs, such 

 as the construction of schools, public buildings 

 and roads, the regulation of rivers, and the as- 

 sessment and collection of taxes. Where local 

 funds were insufficient the American Government 

 came to their assistance. In the summer over 50 

 local representative bodies were in operation in 

 Luzon. Local magistrates were appointed who 

 were selected from among the lawyers of the 



country and officials attached to the courts under 

 the Spaniards. The policy of the Government 

 was to appoint natives to all the offices for which 

 fitting candidates could be found among them. 

 To teach in the schools English and the elements 

 of American education 600 qualified teachers were 

 brought over from the United States and dis- 

 tributed by Superintendent Atkinson throughout 

 the country in the districts where civil govern- 

 ment had been introduced. Their situation was 

 rendered more uncomfortable than they expected 

 by the revocation by the military authorities of 

 the order allowing commissary supplies to be sold 

 at cost to civil employees as well as to the army, 

 and they complained against this as a violation of 

 the understood conditions on which they were 

 engaged. In the commissary department a scan- 

 dal occurred, the stealing and selling -of stores 

 by two or three officers in connivance with mer- 

 chants, that was a blot on the American admin- 

 istration. An officer, too, was accused of abet- 

 ting foreign and American traders in illicit trad- 

 ing with insurgents in the blockaded ports. These 

 isolated instances, instead of undoing the effect of 

 the example of honesty and duty set before the 

 natives, by the punishment of the offenders con- 

 firmed their respect for the honesty and disin- 

 terestedness of the American military adminis- 

 tration, in contrast with the corruption and extor- 

 tion of the Spanish regime. The United States 

 forces in the Philippines were composed of the 

 best material for dealing with guerrillas, possess- 

 ing not only courage and the strength to bear 

 fatigue, but quickness of sight, marksmanship, 

 and capacity for individual initiative. During the 

 three years from June 30, 1898, till June 30, 1901, 

 the number of soldiers who served in the Philip- 

 pines was 3,477 officers and 108,800 enlisted men, 

 61,275 of the total being regulars and 50,002 vol- 

 unteers. Of the total number 619 were killed and 

 219 died of wounds. The deaths from all causes 

 were 3,493. The percentage of desertions was 4.3* 

 Of the non-commissioned officers 200 were com- 

 missioned. The army in the Philippines in Sep- 

 tember numbered 43,239 officers and men. In the 

 middle of September the provinces of Batangas 

 and Laguna in Luzon, and the islands of Samar, 

 Mindoro, Cebu, and Bohor were the only areas dis- 

 turbed by armed bodies of insurgents. In order to 

 guard against the mischievous action of Sixto 

 Lopez and other emissaries and agents of the 

 insurgents who were seeking sympathy and aid 

 in the United States and Europe, the Philippine 

 Commission made a law requiring all persons sus- 

 pected of having aided or abetted the insurgents 

 on arriving in Philippine ports to take the oath 

 of allegiance to the United States. 



The confidence of the Filipinos in general in 

 the American administration was evinced by the 

 resumption and extension of agricultural opera- 

 tions except in the disturbed part of Luzon and 

 in Samar. In MindOro the insurgents were effectu- 

 ally suppressed by a small force under Capt. 

 Pitcher. In Panay all signs of rebellion ceased 

 in the summer. The autonomous civil adminis- 

 tration, however, was not satisfactory, owing to 

 the differences between the two principal officials. 

 The provincial governor was Martin Delgado, for- 

 merly the commander of the revolutionary forces 

 in the island. Jose Gay, who was appointed al- 

 calde of Iloilo, had offended him by going over 

 to the Americans, and the feud was continued 

 when Delgado became his superior under Ameri- 

 can rule. The administration made progress in 

 spite of their quarrels. The people paid their 

 cedula taxes and applied themselves again to the 

 cultivation of sugar and hemp. In Bohor the in- 



