528 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



PHYSICS, PROGRESS OF, IN 1901. 



paign. The river valleys were effectually occupied 

 by the aid of light gunboats, and flying columns 

 were sent into the hills, giving the insurrectos 

 no rest. The central objective of the movement 

 was the Pambujan mountain, in the center of the 

 island. No large bodies of insurgents were found. 

 Before operations were well begun a detachment 

 of 46 men of the Ninth Infantry was attacked 

 on the Gandara river at Bangabon, and 10 men 

 were killed and 6 wounded before the rest of the 

 company came up and put the bolomen to flight, 

 killing more than 100. While the operations for 

 stamping out the insurrection in Samar were pro- 

 ceeding, the marines cooperating with the army 

 on the rivers and ports, Rear-Admiral Frederick 

 Rogers with 27 war vessels, nearly his entire naval 

 force, patrolled the coasts of the island to pre- 

 vent the escape of the insurgents by sea and the 

 landing of munitions. Gen. Smith, commanding 

 the troops, issued a notice ordering all the people 

 to concentrate in the towns; otherwise they would 

 be considered enemies and treated accordingly. 

 Francisco de Gesus, Gen. Lukban's commissary 

 officer, was captured with papers on his person, 

 implicating many of the chief civil officials of the 

 island of Leyte, and these were arrested. The 

 ports of Leyte were closed and all sales of hemp 

 forbidden except in small quantities in exchange 

 for food under the supervision of the military. 

 The presidentes of Samar were threatened with 

 deportation to Guam if they harbored the persons 

 who committed the massacre of Balangiga or con- 

 nived in the concealment of arms, and villages 

 were threatened with destruction if guilty of the 

 same acts. Several towns in the south of Samar 

 were destroyed. A detachment of 12 soldiers was 

 attacked at San Antonio by 140 bolomen, and 

 2 were killed and 2 wounded. Sergeant Willford 

 and the others repelled the furious attack, killing 

 14 of the enemy. Major Waller shelled the rebel 

 stronghold of Sajopan, near Basei, on Nov. 6, 

 -and on the following day stormed the position, 

 killing 26 insurgents, while 2 marines fell in the 

 action. 



While the troops were crushing the insurrec- 

 tion in Samar and the budding movement in 

 Leyte was checked before any outbreak, the in- 

 surgents of Cebu, who had been led to believe that 

 the American troops were being withdrawn from 

 the Philippines, lost all heart on seeing this de- 

 velopment of strength. Their main force, num- 

 bering 60 officers and 450 men, surrendered and 

 gave up 150 rifles and 8 brass cannons. The in- 

 surgents in Samar, the men who had the rifles, 

 withdrew to the fastnesses of the western part of 

 the island. Simultaneously the insurgents in the 

 disturbed parts of Luzon redoubled their activity. 

 A sharp fight occurred near Candelaria before the 

 end of September, in which 1 American was 

 killed and 1 wounded, the object of Capt. Hearn 

 being to capture some stores of rice and ammuni- 

 tion, which was attained. A detachment of the 

 Twenty-first Infantry and a company of Maca- 

 bebes, encountering over 300 insurgents strongly 

 entrenched near Lipa, had to retreat. The police 

 of Catanag, in the province of Tayabas, 11 men 

 armed with carbines and revolvers, were reported 

 as having been made captives by the insurrectos, 

 but were probably willing captives. On Oct. 24 

 insurgents attacked San Jose, in Batangas, and in 

 spite of the spirited defense offered by the gar- 

 rison succeeded in burning the town. At Taysan, 

 in the same province, two companies of the First 

 Cavalry drove a band of insurgents into the moun- 

 tains and destroyed their camp and stores. In 

 central Luzon, as the result of Malvar's recruit- 

 ing, bands of from 25 to 50 endeavored to concen- 



trate. Notices were posted on church doors urg- 

 ing that the work of organization should be com- 

 pleted by January. Alarm was felt in Manila, 

 where the force was only 1,200, including the 

 metropolitan police, but not the native police, 

 who were not believed to be trustworthy. The 

 United States Government decided to send out 

 fresh troops to replace those whose time had ex- 

 pired. 



Gen. Chaffee considered the physical conforma- 

 tion of the country, the nature of the warfare of 

 the rebels, who could be amiyos and enemigos 

 in the same hour, the humanity of the troops, 

 which was taken advantage of by the rebels and 

 the inhabitants in sympathy with them, and the 

 fear of assassination on the part of those who 

 were friendly in case they gave information to the 

 American forces, to be sufficient reasons for the 

 prolongation of the guerrilla warfare. The grad- 

 ual replacing of military with civil administra- 

 tion and the cessation of interference with civil 

 affairs does not, in his view, involve the with- 

 drawal of troops from their stations to any con- 

 siderable extent. That should not take place 

 hastily, and when it is undertaken it should be 

 gradual and more in the nature of concentration 

 than of a reduction of force or the abandonment 

 of any considerable area of territory. The mili- 

 tary governor advised against any further ma- 

 terial reduction of troops before Jan. 1, 1903. The 

 civil government that was being organized is new 

 and untried, and the observation of the army 

 affords the only reliable method of ascertaining 

 the progress of the Filipinos in self-government. 



PHYSICS, PROGRESS OF, IN 1901. Me- 

 chanics; Constitution and Properties of Mat- 

 ter. Gravitation. Eotvb's (International Phys- 

 ical Congress at Paris, Report, 3, p. 371, 1900) 

 has determined by a torsion-balance method the 

 derivatives of the components of gravity in the 

 neighborhood of a point. The method gives indi- 

 cations of underground rocks and their distribu- 

 tion, and is more sensitive than any pendulum 

 method. Bessel's conclusion that attraction is 

 independent of the nature of the attracting masses 

 to within -nroWff nas been pushed much farther, 

 and it is shown that the sun's attraction is not 

 modified one-hundred-millionth part by the inter- 

 position of 1 kilometer's thickness of the earth's 

 crust. Similar methods have been applied to the 

 exploration of magnetic fields. R. A. Fessenden 

 (Electrical World and Engineer, Sept. 29, 1900) 

 explains gravitation as a secondary electric effect. 

 The chief results may be summarized as follow: 

 ( 1 ) " All simple dielectrics expand under electric 

 stress. The expansion varies as the square of the 

 electric intensity or voltivity, and inversely as the 

 elasticity." (2) When a dielectric is placed in an 

 electric field, there is a change in the density of 

 the substance, and in the density of the ether. 

 The former gives Kerr's phenomenon, the latter 

 alters the weight of the condenser. (3) The value 

 of the electrostatic stress at the surface of a cor- 

 puscle is of the order 10 20 , and the elasticity of thfe 

 ether has been shown to be of the order* 6 X 10 20 . 

 There is accordingly an enormous stress next the 

 corpuscle, producing a change of density whose 

 amount varies inversely with the fourth power of 

 the distance from the center of the corpuscle while 

 the total expansion varies inversely as the square. 

 Newton showed that change of density in the me*- 

 dium around a particle would account for gravita- 

 tion, and the present method gives an effect of 

 approximately the right order. Thus (4) "in- 

 ertia is an electromagnetic induction effect due 

 to the corpuscular charge. (5) Gravitation is a 

 secondary effect, the electrostatic intensity due to 



