POETO RICO. 



molecules of the colloid aggregated together to a 

 greater extent than elsewhere in the solution. On 

 warming, the suspended particles circulate; those 

 reaching the surface are dried and aggregate to 

 form films. 



It has been found by Dr. Pugliese, of Bologna, 

 and Prof. Aducco that the addition of sodium 

 chlorid to the water taken by fasting animals con- 

 siderably increases their resistance to inanition. 

 When the tissues of animals as similar as pos- 

 sible in other respects, but in the one case having 

 water only, and in the other salt and water, were 

 analyzed, the tissues under the latter condition 

 were found to contain relatively the more water. 

 Also, the amount of water excreted by the ani- 

 mals receiving salt water was less than the 

 amount excreted by animals receiving water with- 

 out salt. 



The thermal conductivity of the human skin 

 formed the subject of an investigation described 

 by M. J. Lefevre in the Journal de Physique. 

 Regarding the skin as a wall about two milli- 

 meters thick, three coefficients have to be found 

 namely, the surface conductivity, the true conduc- 

 tivity through the substance forming the skin, 

 and the internal surface conductivity between 

 the skin and the adjoining tissues. The experi- 

 ments showed that the skin is a bad conductor, 

 its true conductivity being about the same as that 

 of wood, of the same order as that of gutta-percha, 

 about five or six times that of wool, and seven 

 hundred and fifty times that of air. The conduc- 

 tivity is only half as great at 5 as at 30 C. 

 The exterior surface conductivity of the skin in 

 contact with water appears to be approximately 

 independent of the temperature, but the coefficient 

 across the surface separating the skin from the 

 adjoining tissues increases considerably as the 

 temperature falls from 30 to 5 C.; and the latter 

 increase more than counterbalances the decrease 

 in true conductibility, so that the loss of heat at 

 5 C. is twice or three times as great as it would 

 be according to Newton's law. 



PORTO RICO, formerly a colony of Spain, 

 ceded to the United States in the treaty of peace 

 concluded at Paris on Dec. 11, 1898. The island 

 was under military rule in the beginning of 1901. 

 The Governor was Brig.-Gen. G. W. Davis. 



The area of the island is about 3,600 square 

 miles. The population in 1899 was 953,243. There 

 are about 70,000 negroes and 240,000 mulattoes. 

 San Juan, the capital, had 32,048 inhabitants in 

 1899; Ponce, 27,952; Mayaguez, 15,187. The rev- 

 enue collected by the Spanish Government in 1895 

 was 5,454,958 pesos, and the expenditure was 

 3,905,667 pesos. 



The most important product is coffee, which 

 occupies 200,000 acres. The quality is in general 

 superior, and the annual yield is 60,000,000 

 pounds. Sugar occupies 50,000 acres, the annual 

 product being 47,000 tons. The yield of tobacco 

 from 3,000 acres is. 12,000,000 pounds. From 

 July 28, 1898, the date of the American occupa- 

 tion, till Dec. 31, 1899, the imports amounted to 

 $12,546,542, and exports to $11,621,049. Cotton 

 goods, rice, flour, and provisions are the principal 

 imports. Of the total imports $4,815,135 came 

 from the United States, $2,610,076 from Spain, 

 $2,070,343 from Great Britain, and $1,492,577 from 

 Germany. The export of coffee was $6,482,894 in 

 value;, of sugar and molasses, $3,195,032. Of the 

 total exports $3,358,980 went to the United States, 

 $2,856,556 to France, $1,489,665 to Cuba, and 

 $1,353,570 to Spain. There are 137 miles of rail- 

 roads, 470 miles of telegraphs, and an extensive 

 telephone system. During 1897 there were 1,135 ves- 

 sels, of 1,356,989 tons, entered at Porto Rican ports. 



PORTUGAL. 



547 



The Foraker act of April 1J, liino, imposed a 

 duty of 15 per cent, of the rates ,,t th. : Din-Icy 

 tariff on importations from the I M M;IC, into 

 Porto Rico and importation nn , ;,,. I njt ( i<l 

 States of Porto Rican products, the ttm \ <<,!!< 

 to be paid over to the insular t> This 



duty was declared by the Supreme (Joun <,\ ih." 

 United States in a decision rendered on Muy ^7, 

 1901, to be legal, but not the duties collect! <l p, ,, 

 to the enactment of the law, Porto Ki.:o | )( \\ t <_> 

 from the time of the cession of Spain appurtenant 

 to the United States as a possession and not for- 

 eign territory, but not a part of the United States, 

 and therefore not subject to the clause of the 

 Constitution which requires that duties, imposts, 

 and excises shall be uniform throughout the 

 United States. The Hollander act imposed an 

 excise duty of 60 cents a gallon on rum in Porto 

 Rico, payable at the time of the sale and shipment 

 from the distillery, the stamp being attached to 

 the bill of lading. A similar duty was imposed on 

 Porto Rican cigars. In 1900 there were produced 

 801,858 gallons of rum and $364,951 worth of 

 cigars. 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in southwestern 

 Europe. The throne is hereditary in the family 

 of Saxe-Coburg-Braganza. The reigning sovereign 

 is King Carlos I, born Sept. 28, 1863, successor to 

 his father, Luiz I, who died Oct. 19, 1889. The 

 heir apparent is Luiz Philippe, Duke of Braganza, 

 born March 21, 1887, son of the King and Marie 

 Amelie, daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orleans, the 

 late Count of Paris. The legislative power is 

 vested in the Cortes, consisting of a Chamber of 

 Peers, containing 52 hereditary, 13 spiritual, and 

 90 life members, and a Chamber of Deputies, con- 

 taining 120 members elected by the direct suf- 

 frage of citizens possessing an elementary educa- 

 tion or an income of 500 milreis. The Cabinet 

 of Ministers, constituted on June 25, 1900, con- 

 sisted in the beginning of 1901' of the following 

 members: Prime Minister and Minister of the 

 Interior, E. R. Hintze Ribeiro; Minister .of For- 

 eign Affairs, Joao M. Arroyo ; Minister of Finance, 

 A. Andrade ; Minister of Justice and Worship, A. 

 Campos Henriques; Minister of War, L. A. Pi- 

 mentel Pinto; Minister of Marine and the 

 Colonies, A. Teixeira de Sousa; Minister of Public 

 Works, Industry, and Commerce, J. J. Pereira dos 

 Santos. 



Area and Population. Portugal has an area 

 of 34,528 square miles, with 4,660,095 inhabitants 

 on Dec. 31, 1890, exclusive of the Atlantic islands, 

 of which the Azores, with an area of 1,005 square 

 miles, had 255,594, and Madeira, with an area of 

 505 square miles, had 134,040 inhabitants, making 

 the total area of the kingdom 36,038 square miles 

 and the total population 5,049,729. Lisbon, the 

 capital, had 301,206 inhabitants. The number of 

 emigrants in 1897 was 21,612, of whom 243 were 

 destined for European countries, 3 for Asia, 1,541 

 for Africa, 17,993 for Brazil, 1,815 for other parts 

 of America, and 16 .for Oceanica. In 1898 the 

 total number was 23,510, 'of whom 230 went to 

 Europe, 4 to Asia, 1,854 to Africa, and 21,422 to 

 America. Education, though nominally compul- 

 sory, is not general. In 1890 only 20.8 per cent, 

 of the population could read and write. There 

 were 4,483 primary public schools in 1899, the ex- 

 penditure on education being 1,178,593 milreis for 

 that year. 



Finance. The revenue for the fiscal year 1900 

 was estimated at 49,713,000 milreis, and expendi- 

 ture at 49,941,000 milreis. For 1901 the approved 

 estimates were 52,188,125 milreis for revenue, in- 

 cluding 1,150,000 milreis of extraordinary receipts, 

 and 54,848,957 milreis for expenditure, including 



