572 PRINTING, PROGRESS OF. 



PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 



was issued weekly for about twenty years. 

 Among the papers now devoted to the interests of 

 the trade are the following: The Inland Printer, 

 published in Chicago, is a monthly as thick as 

 any of the popular magazines, and having much 

 larger pages. It is gotten up in a style creditable 

 to the art it represents. The reading-matter is 

 largely technical, being divided into departments 

 devoted to presswork, machine composition, job- 

 composition, the employing printer, the artisan, 

 the proofroom, newspaper gossip, patents, process 

 engraving, etc. The American Printer, a monthly, 

 is published in New York city by the Oswald Pub- 

 lishing Company. It excels as a specimen of high- 

 class typography and presswork, and is beauti- 

 fully illustrated. The pages are 9X12 inches, and 

 the letterpress serves to illustrate the perfection 

 of linotype composition. Much space is devoted to 

 the interests of the proprietors of printing-offices 

 and exchange of views. The National Printer- 

 Journalist of Chicago is the organ of the National 

 Editorial Association, and caters principally to 

 the newspaper publishers, though it has depart- 

 ments relating strictly to the technical side of 

 printing. It gives very complete reports of the 

 meetings of the editorial associations, and of simi- 

 lar gatherings in the trade. 



The newspaper side of printing-trade papers is 

 represented in New York city by 4 weeklies the 

 Journalist, Newspaper Maker, Newspaperdom, 

 and the Fourth Estate. The Typographical Jour- 

 nal is the official organ of the International Typo- 

 graphical Union, and gives the news and gossip 

 pertaining to the progress of the art from the 

 union workman's view-point. There are perhaps 

 a dozen other minor trade publications identified 

 with the printing industry in the United States. 



The best known English printing-trade papers 

 are the British Printer and the British and Co- 

 lonial Printer and Stationer. Those in Germany 

 are Allgemeiner Anzeiger fur Druckereien and 

 Zeitschrift fur Deutschland's Buchdrucker. 



Printing-Trade Organizations. There are 

 organizations of both employees and employers 

 in the printing trade in most civilized countries. 

 In the United States the workmen's organizations 

 are known as unions, and the proprietors as 

 typothetae (type-placers, whch is the best render- 

 ing that can be had in Greek for typesetters). 

 The unions grew out of fraternal benefit orders, 

 that brought the men into closer acquaintance, 

 causing them gradually to formulate and carry 

 out combinations for increasing their wages. The 

 Typothetae was brought into being largely because 

 the demands of the unions necessitated organized 

 opposition by proprietors in order to retain con- 

 trol of their printing-plants. The Typographical 

 Union was organized about fifty years ago, princi- 



5 ally by newspaper compositors, and gradually 

 eveloped into a very powerful combination. The 

 pressmen's union was instituted a few years later, 

 and one after another unions were formed in the 

 different branches of the trade. Of these the 

 International Typographical Union is the largest 

 and most influential, comprising about 40,000 

 members, and disbursing a large amount annually 

 in benefits to sick members, and also maintain- 

 ing a home for incapacitated printers. 



Within a few years the following-named unions 

 in the trade have organized together as the Allied 

 Printing Trades Council of New York and Vicin- 

 ity: Typographical Union No. 6, German-Ameri- 

 can Typographia No. 7, Hebrew-American Typo- 

 graphical Union No. 83, Local No. 1 International 

 Brotherhood of Bookbinders, Bohemian Typo- 

 graphical Union No. 131, Mailers' Union No. 6, 

 the Adams, Cylinder, and Web Press Printers' 



Association No. 51, Stereotypers' Union No. 1 > 

 Photoengravers' Union No. 1, Type-Founders' 

 Union No. 1, Eccentric Association of Engineers 

 and Firemen, and the Feeders', Helpers', and Job- 

 Pressmen's Union No. 23. The principal object 

 of this combination of unions is the promotion 

 of the sympathetic strike as a means of bringing, 

 employers to terms. Any union in the Allied 

 Trades Council which is striking for wages, or 

 any legitimate purpose, has the right and power 

 to call out any or all the other unions in the 

 council to assist in enforcing the demands. The 

 combination has thus become very powerful, and 

 would be more so were it not that almost half the 

 workmen in the country, especially in the smaller 

 towns, are non-union, and afford support to em- 

 ployers in time of strike. In 1886 the Interna- 

 tional Printers' Protective Fraternity was organ- 

 ized in Wisconsin a sort of opposition union to- 

 the Typographical Union, its members being op- 

 posed to strikes, and settling all difficulties by 

 arbitration. It has local branches in large cities, 

 its principal strength being in the Western States. 



The Typothetse grew out of a meeting of master 

 printers held in New York city in 1863. It existed 

 in an informal way for twenty years, at times 

 being practically lifeless; but in 1883 it reorgan- 

 ized permanently, and in 1892 became an incor- 

 porated body and acquired property. Similar or- 

 ganizations sprang up in other cities, and in 1887 

 there were fourteen, mostly known as Typothetae,. 

 though some of them assumed the title of master 

 printers' associations. In 1887 a demand by the 

 unions for a reduction of hours caused a call to 

 be issued for a convention of all these organiza- 

 tions and master printers generally in Chicago, to 

 decide on some concerted action in opposition. 

 As a result, the United Typothetae of America 

 was formed, which at this date includes 39- 

 subordinate organizations, the total membership 

 being about 1,000 firms. 



The United Typothetae of America holds yearly 

 conventions at different cities. Important trade 

 questions are discussed, and committees are ap- 

 pointed to carry out desired objects. While the 

 typothetae organizations were originated in op- 

 position to the unions of working men, they are 

 not as they exist at present distinctly antago- 

 nistic. The avowed objects of the typothetse are 

 rather the securing of every good for the printing 

 trade, the settlement of differences by arbitration,, 

 the maintenance of prices, etc. The members are 

 mostly the larger firms in the book- and job-print- 

 ing industry, but many newspapers are repre- 

 sented, as well as a considerable number of firms. 

 in the trades allied to printing. 



About 1885 the New York Typothetse set the 

 fashion of celebrating the anniversary of Benja- 

 min Franklin's birth, Jan. 17, by a banquet. 

 These banquets have become an annual social fea- 

 ture in the trade, and are held in most of the 

 cities where there are typothetae. In some cases 

 the employees dine with the employers at such 

 gatherings, which are utilized to promote good 

 feeling in the trade. 



PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN 

 THE UNITED STATES. A summary of the 

 statistics of Church progress in the year shows 

 the following: The number of dioceses within the 

 United States is 60; missionary jurisdictions 

 within the United States and their possessions,. 

 21; missionary jurisdictions in foreign lands, 9; 

 clergy, 5,022; parishes and missions, 6,614; bish- 

 ops consecrated, 1 ; priests ordained, 161 ; deacons,. 

 147; candidates for holy orders, 471; postulants,. 

 250; lay readers, 2,069; baptisms, 59,566; con- 

 firmations, 45,093; communicants, 743,622; Sun- 



