ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. 



585 



of teaching be established with a view of enabling 

 the religious associations to take part in the edu- 

 cation of all classes; that all public demonstra- 

 tions of the Catholic religion should be permitted, 

 and duly protected; that prelates should be al- 

 lowed to supervise the education given; and that 

 religious associations should be included in the 

 concordat with Rome in the future. 



In Portugal, however, the strife was fiercer and 

 the results less happy. The Portuguese Govern- 

 ment in April ordered the Jesuits and other reli- 

 gious orders to leave the country, as the result of 

 a number of anti-Jesuit riots in Oporto and else- 

 where. After 10 convents had been closed by the 

 authorities and their occupants expelled, the Gov- 

 ernment relented, and prescribed conditions under 

 which the orders might become " authorized." 

 Six months was allowed for authorization, expir- 

 ing Oct. 18. The orders were to hand up a copy 

 of their statutes, and apply for official recogni- 

 tion. Nearly all complied, and when the anti- 

 conventual clamor had died down, the Govern- 

 ment announced that it recognized and approved 

 all the orders. This put an end for the time being to 

 the anticlerical agitation in both countries, though 

 signs were not wanting that the socialists would 

 renew their efforts at the earliest opportunity. 



Missionary Countries. The Holy Father, in 

 March, made the following appointments to fill 

 vacancies in the missionary hierarchy: To be 

 Vicar-Apostolic of Aden and Arabia, with resi- 

 dence at Aden, the Rev. Father Chrysostom (John 

 Bigel), O. S. F. C., vice Bishop Lasserre, O. S. 

 F. C., resigned; to be Vicar- Apostolic of South 

 Manchuria, the Rev. Maria Felix Choulet, vice 

 Bishop Guillon, massacred at Mukden last July; 

 to be Vicar- Apostolic of Senegambia (including 

 the British colony of Gambia), the Rev. Father 

 Alphonsus Kunemann, vice Bishop Bulon, de- 

 ceased. Also his Holiness has erected the mission of 

 the New Hebrides into a prefecture-apostolic, and 

 appointed the Rev. Victor Douceret its first prefect. 



By an enactment of the council of the Gov- 

 ernor-General, made May 1, native Christians in 

 India were relieved of the inheritance and suc- 

 cession duties with respect to property of those 

 dying intestate, thus placing them on an equality 

 before the law with members of native religions. 



Most Rev. Paul Goethals, Archbishop of Cal- 

 cutta, died July 3. 



ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, twenty-sixth 

 President of the United States, born in New York 

 city, Oct. 27, 1858. He was born in his father's 

 house, No. 28 East Twentieth Street. . For two 

 hundred and fifty years New York has been the 

 native soil of the Roosevelts. Since they made 

 their beginnings in the colonies, they have been 

 represented frequently in public life. Theodore's 

 boyhood was passed chiefly in the city of his 

 birth. His health was not rugged, and the ordi- 

 nary games of boys were beyond his strength. 

 Perceiving the necessity for a vigorous constitu- 

 tion, he set himself to the task of getting one. 

 From this purpose he seems never to have swerved, 

 and by the time he was ready to enter Harvard 

 College he had begun to be robust. His energies 

 were directed to bodily exercise, to study, and to 

 all the social advantages that Boston afforded 

 him. Although conspicuous in no single athletic 

 sport, he was energetic in a variety, sparring and 

 horsemanship being among them. His knowledge 

 of sparring, besides the general benefit that it 

 was to him, proved at least upon one later occa- 

 sion in the West of particular service, and ena- 

 bled him most successfully to surprise a typical 

 saloon bully who had attempted to take liberties 

 with him. His favorite study was political his- 



tory, and he road The I. ! |, e-|,ecial 



interest. He was an editor ;IM | ,\d- 



vocate, in whose column-, In- ,, .i;>|.cju- 



ance in print. Besides politic;, i I- .,. n ! ,,,,,. 

 tinned an interest in nutni;ii hi 

 been begun in those boyhood d;i\- i m 



search of health, and studied th< 

 country neighborhood near Oyster |;,i 

 graduated in 1880, with sufficiently In;.' 

 make him a member of the Phi I5et;i l\ 

 ciety. Upon leaving college he traveled m ).., 

 rope, and climbed the Matterhorn. On his niuiM 

 he studied law in the oflice of his uncle. Kol.cn 

 B. Roosevelt. There was a political revolt in his 

 Assembly district, the party in revolt chose him 

 as their candidate, and he was elected. He wan 

 the youngest Assemblyman in New York, and 

 was twice reelected, serving the terms of 1882, 

 1883, and 1884, and becoming the leader of the 

 minority. One of the chief measures in which he 

 played a leading part was abolishing the fees in 

 the office of the register and county clerk. 

 Through an investigation that he originated, it 

 came to light that the county clerk took $82,000 

 a year in fees, and that the sheriff pocketed about 

 $100,000. Through him also was abolished the 

 power of the New York board of aldermen to 

 confirm or reject the mayor's appointments, and 

 he secured the passage of the civil-service reform 

 law of 1884. Besides these achievements he put 

 through the antitenement cigar-factory bill. In 

 1884 he was sent to the ^Republican National Con- 

 vention, where he supported Mr. Edmunds. The 

 same year he joined the National Guard, begin- 

 ning as lieutenant in the Eighth Regiment, and 

 ending as captain. His service in the militia ex- 

 tended over four years. In 1884 Mr. Roosevelt 

 declined to join that movement of Republicans 

 which elected Mr. Cleveland, thereby incurring 

 the enmity of some of his former friends. He now 

 returned to the West, and became a ranchman 

 at Medora on the Little Missouri. His experiences, 

 in the Rocky mountains made a picturesque epi- 

 sode in his life, and added to his knowledge and 

 his love of the American people. From . these 

 years he also drew the inspiration and the mate- 

 rial for his books about Western life. Mr. Roose- 

 velt returned to the East in 1886 and became a 

 candidate for mayor of New York. He had ac- 

 cepted an independent nomination, and was ac- 

 cepted by the Republican party. He was defeated 

 by Mr. Hewitt, but he polled relatively a larger 

 vote than any Republican candidate up to that 

 time. In 1889 he was appointed by President 

 Harrison a member of the United States Civil- 

 Service Commission. Mr. Roosevelt added 20,000 

 places to the scope of the reform law, and so ad- 

 mirable was his work altogether that President 

 Harrison has said of it : " If he had no other 

 record than his service as an employee of the 

 Civil-Service Commission,' he would be deserving 

 of the nation's gratitude and confidence." Mr. 

 Cleveland, on succeeding Mr. Harrison as Presi- 

 dent, retained Roosevelt, and thus his work con- 

 tinued until May 1, 1895, when he resigned to 

 become president of the police board of New York 

 city. Here he set himself to the cleaning of the 

 corruption and the blackmail wrth which he 

 found the department rotten. His measures pro- 

 duced the natural outcry of rage from the poli- 

 ticians, with whose pockets he began materially 

 to interfere, and his enforcement of the excise law 

 was for a while looked upon unfavorably by 

 many of his friends. His midnight visits to all 

 sorts of streets and haunts, in order that he might 

 be able to see how his orders were being carried 

 out, came to be liked more than they were feared ; 



