ROUMANIA. 



587 



cess of births, 85,418. The population of Bucha- 

 rest, the capital, was 282,071; of Jassy, 78,007; of 

 Galatz, 62,078; of Braila, 58,392. Although edu- 

 cation is free and compulsory by law, schools have 

 not been provided in many places. In 18!>9 only 

 11.6 per cent, of the population could read and 

 write. The University of .Bucharest in 1900 had 

 81 professors and 2,210 students, and the Univer- 

 sity of Jassy had 33 professors and 420 students. 



Finances. The revenue was estimated tor the 

 financial year 1900 at 228,376,000 lei, or francs, 

 and expenditure at the same figure. For 1901 the 

 revenue was estimated to reach 245,325,400 lei, 

 and expenditure was estimated at 238,278,376 lei. 

 The budget estimate of revenue for 1902 was 

 227,203,000 lei, of which 46,570,000 lei came from 

 direct taxes, 59,710,000 lei from indirect taxes, 

 55,930,000 lei from monopolies, 23,363,000 lei from 

 the Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce, and Do- 

 mains; 17,220,000 lei from the Ministry of Public 

 Works, 10,185,000 lei from the Ministry of the 

 Interior, 3,679,000 lei from the Ministry of Fi- 

 nance, 1,253,000 lei from the Ministry of War, 

 600,000 lei from the Ministry of Public Instruc- 

 tion and Worship, 202,000 lei from the Ministry of 

 Foreign Affairs, 431,000 lei from the Ministry of 

 Justice, and 8,060,000 lei from various sources. 

 The expenditure for 1902 was estimated by the 

 Minister of Finance at the same figure as the rev- 

 enue, 227,203,000 lei, of which the charges of the 

 public debt absorb 91,270,238 lei, the Council of 

 Ministers, 64,628 lei, the Ministry of War 41,560,- 

 09 lei, the Ministry of Finance 31,195,666 lei, the 

 Ministry of Worship and Public Instruction 23,- 

 451,251 lei, the Ministry of the Interior 16,772,237 

 lei, the Ministry of Public Works 5,020,824 lei, 

 the Ministry of Justice 6,124,030 lei, the Ministry 

 of Agriculture, Commerce, and Domains 5,940,190 

 lei, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1,692,820 lei, 

 and supplementary credits 1,100,317 lei. 



The public debt amounted on March 31, 1900, 

 to 1,451,497,307 lei, more than half of which is 

 represented by railroads and other profitable pub- 

 lic works, and the rest to cover deficits. A new 

 loan of 15,000,000 lei was arranged in 1900 with 

 a syndicate that obtained a concession of the 

 monopoly in cigarette paper. The Government 

 arranged to part with its shares of stock in the 

 National Bank. The circulation of notes of the 

 bank at the beginning of 1901 was 121,730,000 

 lei, and the cash on hand 50,875,000 lei. The gold 

 coined by the Roumanian mint since 1867 has 

 been 3,805,800 lei; silver, 82,700,000 lei in nominal 

 value; bronze, 5,345,000 lei. No gold had been 

 coined since 1884, nor silver since 1894, when it 

 was decided in 1901 to begin a new coinage. The 

 bank in purchasing the Government holdings, 

 which amounted to 4,000,000 lei, one-fifth of the 

 total stock, obtained a prolongation of its char- 

 ter, which would expire in 1912, to 1920, on con- 

 dition that the share of the state in the net 

 profits shall be 30 instead of 20 per cent. The 

 act sanctioning the transfer of the stock to the 

 bank was passed by the Chamber on Feb. 5, 1901. 



The Army. Every Roumanian at the age of 

 twenty-one draws lots to determine whether he 

 shall enter the permanent army or the territorial 

 infantry or cavalry. The peace strength of the 

 permanent army is 3,280 officers and 60,000 men, 

 with 11,930 horses and 390 guns. The strength of 

 the territorial army is about 72,000 men, with 

 7,500 horses, in time of peace, and 168,000 men. 

 with 32,604 horses, in war. The period of active 

 service is three years in the permanent army and 

 five years in the territorial army, and the mem- 

 bers 'of both remain in their respective reserves 

 until they are thirty years old. 



The Roumanian n:i\y i ri;idually being 

 strengthened. The English-built <TMIHM Kli.-,ab-ta 

 has a displacement of l,:;^u t ,,i armor 



3 inches thick, and an ;i i MM m* -n< CUM i-im-r of 

 4 6-inch and rapid-lire <_'iin-. other u---H-Tare 

 a training ship, 7 gunboat >, (> ; , M <i 



6 first-class and 2 second-class t.or|H- 

 armored vessels will be built in Houm.. 



Commerce and Production. Com 

 ed on 2,025,058 hectares in 1900, wheat on i . 

 980 hectares, barley on 439,735 hectare:-,, oat-, . .n 

 254,831 hectares, and rye on 164,29!) hectare-*, 

 while vineyards occupied 148,046 hectares, prunes 

 69,972 hectares, and tobacco 4,220 hectares. The 

 wheat-crop in the same year was 19,897,406 hec- 

 toliters, the crop of barley 5,136,201 hectoliters, 

 the crop of oats 3,060,172 hectoliters, that of rye 

 2,109,924 hectoliters. The crop of corn in 1H99 

 was 9,768,700 hectoliters, the tobacco-crop was 

 11,951 quintals, the wine production 2,060,817 hec- 

 toliters, and the yield of prunes 2,067,731 hectoli- 

 ters. Colza was planted on 248,434 hectares in 

 1900, yielding 2,715,303 hectoliters; flaxseed was 

 grown on 13,240 hectares, yielding 91,567 hectoli- 

 ters; and the production on 4,960 hectares sown 

 to hemp in 1899 was 10,703 quintals of fiber and 

 26,111 hectoliters of seed. There were 643,770 hec- 

 tares of grass, producing 6,473,000 quintals of 

 hay. The area of the Government forests is 921,- 

 664 hectares, and their annual product is worth 

 2,338,310 lei. The total area of forests is 2,774,- 

 048 hectares. There were 670,909 horses, 2,138,- 

 315 cattle, 6,847,825 sheep, and 1,079,312 hogs in 

 1897. Coal is mined and an inferior quality of 

 petroleum is obtained. The Government possesses 

 salt-mines, which are worked by convict labor. 

 Various ores and minerals are found in the Car- 

 pathians, and in 1895 the mining laws were 

 changed so as to admit foreign capital. 



The total value of imports in 1899 was 333,- 

 267,938 lei, and of exports 149,119,657 lei. The 

 imports of cereals were 9,388,910 lei, and exports 

 97,116,900 lei; imports of textiles 130,987,296 lei, 

 and exports 4,347,433 lei; imports of metals and 

 metal manufactures 76,366,291 lei, and exports 

 4,163,556 lei; imports of hides and leather 11,400,- 

 162 lei, and exports 2,660,753 lei; imports of min- 

 eral fuel 9,034,742 lei, and exports 8,197,096 lei; 

 imports of minerals, glass, and pottery 8,166,113 

 lei, and exports 280,835 lei; imports of oil, wax, 

 etc., 6,397,048 lei, and exports 47,187 lei; imports 

 of colonial products 19,110,594 lei, and exports 

 17,938 lei; imports of fruit 4,530,555 lei, and ex- 

 ports 6,105,422 lei; imports of animal products 

 4,815,148 lei, and exports 6,885,682 lei; imports 

 of live animals 2,131,679 lei, and exports 4,270,437 

 lei; imports of chemicals 11,367,995 lei, and ex- 

 ports 2,176,975 lei; imports of dyes and colors 

 4,498,093 lei, and exports 167,355 lei; imports of 

 wood and timber 4,244,891 lei, and exports 8,114,- 

 372 lei; imports of paper 6,587,354 lei, and ex- 

 ports 130,347 lei; imports of drugs 5,299,515 lei, 

 and exports 37,713 lei. The values in lei of im- 

 ports from and exports to the principal foreign 

 countries in 1899 are given in the following table: 



