RUSSIA. 



593 



400 acres in the Kuban. The hay-crop of the 

 empire was 48,504,938 tons from 92,402,813 acres, 

 Russia proper producing 32,790,862 tons. There 

 were in 1898 in European Russia 17,004,300 horses, 

 24,425,300 cattle, 119,800 camels, 38,140,300 sheep, 

 1,364,200 goats, and 9,148,800 pigs; in Poland, 

 1,185,700 horses, 2,838,300 cattle, 3,227,100 sheep, 

 8,900 goats, and 1,229,500 pigs; in Asiatic Russia, 

 6,012,000 horses, 5,560,000 cattle, 1,143,000 camels, 

 20,818,000 sheep, 1,245,400 goats, and 633,800 pigs; 

 in the Caucasus, 1,152,000 horses, 4,590,000 cattle, 

 16,300 camels, 12,604,000 sheep, 571,000 goats, and 

 956,000 pigs. The Government forests in 1900, 

 at an expense of 8,600,000 rubles, produced 48,- 

 900,000 rubles of revenue. The production of gold 

 in the Russian Empire was 38,792 kilograms; 

 of platinum, 6,240 kilograms; of silver, 5,943 

 kilograms; of lead, 238 tons; of zinc, 5,580 

 tons; of copper, 6,495 tons; of pig iron, 2,206,000 

 tons; of rolled iron, 580,000 tons; of steel, 1,149,- 

 000 tons; of coal, 12,051,000 tons; of naphtha, 

 8,210,000 tons; of salt, 1,474,000 tons. 



The production of Siberia has increased very 

 much since the construction of the railroad, which 

 had 11 per cent, more traffic in 1900 than in. 

 1899. The quantity of cereals transported over 

 the line in 1900 was 633,000 tons, of which more 

 than a third was consumed in Siberia, a fifth was 

 eaten by the mining population of the Urals, a 

 somewhat smaller quantity was shipped into 

 European Russia, over an eighth was sent to 

 Baltic ports and thence to Great Britain, and a 

 smaller quantity was shipped to western Europe 

 by way of Archangel. The total does not include 

 the large amount of grain shipped eastward by 

 the water-routes. Wheat constitutes more than 

 half the cereal crops of Siberia, most of it being 

 grown on the rich soil of Semipalatinsk. The 

 cultivation of rye and oats is declining, also that 

 of the famous wheat of the Ichym and Kurgan 

 districts, whence cattle are now shipped to St. 

 Petersburg and butter to the same place or to 

 southern Russian ports for export. The number 

 of cattle carried by rail in 1900 was 9,705. Salt 

 meat is sent to Moscow and St. Petersburg for 

 the use of the army. Only a fifth of the iron 

 and steel imported into Siberia in 1900, a tenth 

 of the sugar, and a third of the manufactures, 

 went by rail. The quantity of tea shipped over 

 the railroad in 1900 was 57,500,000 pounds. It 

 comes from China by caravan to Kiachta on the 

 border of Mongolia and passes through Irkutsk. 

 A vast quantity of tea is still transported through 

 Siberia by sledges in winter and by water during 

 the summer, and much that goes over the railroad 

 is transshipped at the first river port. The Obi 

 and Irtysh are navigable almost to their sources, 

 and the Obi and Yenesei are connected by a canal. 

 The cultivation of tea in the Transcaucasian ter- 

 ritory is being rapidly extended with Government 

 assistance. Good crops have been harvested in 

 the vicinity of Batum, and plantations have been 

 started on the Black Sea coast and in Mingrelia. 

 Large numbers of Russian sectaries, particularly 

 the Molokanis, who do not believe in war, settled 

 into Transcaucasia and Transcaspia, where they 

 were free from molestation on the part of the 

 authorities and from military conscription. In 

 the summer of 1901, when it was reported that the 

 law of compulsory military service would be ap- 

 plied in these territories, many of them petitioned 

 for permission to emigrate to America. 



The total value of imports of merchandise in 

 1899 was 642,778,000 rubles, and of exports 626,- 

 479.000 rubles. In the general reports are in- 

 cluded, since 1894, with the trade by way of the 

 European frontiers of Russia, the trade with Fin- 

 VOL. XLI. 38 A 



land and the exports from the ports of northern 

 Caucasia on the Black Sea, many of which are 

 destined for Europe. The trade; over iho oilier 

 Asiatic frontiers is not irichulod. The: imports of 

 food products were 73,441,000 rubles, tirid exports 

 317,000,000 rubles in value; imports of raw and 

 partly manufactured articles was 301,376,000 ru- 

 bles, and exports 249,900,000 rubles; imports of 

 animals were 1,802,000 rubles, and exports 17,- 

 300,000 rubles; imports of manufactured goods 

 were 217,856,000 rubles, and exports 17,400,000 

 rubles. The export of wheat was 34,466,000 hun- 

 dredweight; of rye, 19,559,000 hundredweight; of 

 barley, 24,019,000 hundredweight; of oats, 9,197.- 

 000 hundredweight; of corn, 9,224,000 hundred- 

 weight; of peas, 1,927,000 hundredweight; of 

 flour, 2,895,000 hundredweight; of other cereal 

 products, 9,876,000 hundredweight. The export 

 of eggs was 1,685,000,000 in number, valued at 

 28,645,000 rubles. The value of oil-cake exported 

 was 15,957,000 rubles. The quantity of raw naph- 

 tha exported was 367,570 hundredweight; of il- 

 luminating oil, 21,927,300 hundredweight; of lu- 

 bricating oil, 3,383,000 hundredweight; of petro- 

 leum waste, 1,181,100 hundredweight; total min- 

 eral oils, 26,858,970 hundredweight. The value of 

 cereal exports was 259,022,000 rubles; of fish and 

 caviare, 4,161,000 rubles; of dairy-products, 

 7,780,000 rubles; of spirits, 779,000 rubles; of 

 sugar, 8,754,000 rubles; of various food-products, 

 7,947,000 rubles; of timber and wood manufac- 

 tures, 53,595,000 rubles; of platinum, mercury, 

 etc., 3,608,000 rubles; of oil-seeds, 27,507,000 ru- 

 bles; of flax, 55,747,000 rubles; oi hemp, 9,798,000 

 rubles; of tallow, 392,000 rubles; of bristles, hair, 

 and feathers, 11,138,000 rubles; of wool, 6,639,000 

 rubles; of furs, 6,714,000 rubles; of naphtha and 

 naphtha products, 31,678,000 rubles; of metal 

 manufactures, 1,614,000 rubles; of woolen goods, 

 1,545,000 rubles; of cotton goods, 1,364,000 rubles. 

 The imports of machinery in 1899 were 99,435,000 

 rubles in value; of raw cotton, 53,053,000 rubles; 

 of raw metals, 46,256,000 rubles; of metal manu- 

 factures, 45,071,000 rubles; of coal and coke. 30,- 

 668,000 rubles; of wool and yarn, 26,860,000 ru- 

 bles; of tea, 19,085,000 rubles; of gums and 

 resins, 13,896,000 rubles; of fish, 13,562,000 ru- 

 bles; of wine, beer, and spirits, 13,327,000 rubles; 

 of chemicals, 13,028,000 rubles; of colors, 12,- 

 618,000 rubles; of cotton goods, 9,791,000 rubles; 

 of other textile goods, 11,947,000 rubles; of leath- 

 er, hides, and skins, 11,600,000 rubles; of raw silk 

 and yarn, 10,646,000 rubles; of fruits and nuts, 

 8,034,000 rubles; of coffee, 6,127,000 rubles; of 

 clocks and watches, 3,808,000 rubles; of grain, 

 flour, and rice, 2,636,000 rubles; of tobacco, 

 2,628,000 rubles. The imports and exports over 

 the Asiatic frontiers not included in the above 

 figures amounted in 1898 to 66,510,000 and 23,- 

 773,000 rubles respectively. The imports of food 

 products from Asiatic countries were 36,106,000 

 rubles in value, and exports to them 7,717,000 

 rubles; imports of raw and partly manufactured 

 articles were 15,787,000 rubles, and exports 2,903,- 

 000 rubles; imports of animals were 2,153,000 

 rubles, and exports 574,000 rubles; imports of 

 manufactured goods were 12,464,000 rubles, and 

 exports 12,570,000 rubles. Chief among the im- 

 ports were tea for 24,496,000 rubles, textiles for 

 5,578,000 rubles, machinery for 4,716,000 rubles, 

 dried fruits for 4,431,000 rubles, cotton for 4,017,- 

 000 rubles, rice for 3,250,000 rubles, animals for 

 2,153,000 rubles, and silk for 2,123,000 rubles. 

 Among exports to Asiatic countries the leading 

 articles were naphtha for 21,260.000 rubles, grain 

 for 16,125,000 rubles, cotton goods for 9,023,000 

 rubles ; sugar for 6,309,000 rubles, oil-seeds for 



