598 



RUSSIA. 



to whether the rector and other high officials* of 

 the universities should be nominated or elected; 

 as to the steps to be taken to induce the students 

 to work with greater zeal, and to bring about 

 better relations between professors and students; 

 as to the advisability of permitting or establish- 

 ing students' societies, and of setting up univer- 

 sity courts and courts of honor among the stu- 

 dents; as to arrangements for teaching and ex- 

 amining the students; and as to the powers to be 

 exercised by the inspectors, the faculties, and the 

 professors. It was recognized that the changes 

 introduced in 1884 placed in the hands of officials 

 of the central administration powers which prop- 

 erly belong to the boards of faculty and to the 

 individual professor. The universities were in- 

 vited to express their view r s on the proper com- 

 petence of the various authorities controlling 

 higher education. The perturbation among the 

 students ceased when it was seen that Gen. Van- 

 novsky was bent on introducing a real reform. 

 Amnesty was granted to the students undergoing 

 punishment for the part they took in the disturb- 

 ances. Those who were rusticated or expelled 

 were allowed to return and those enrolled in the 

 army were recalled, to the equal satisfaction of 

 the students and the military authorities. 



Many thousands of \vorkmen were thrown out 

 of employment by the closing of factories. The 

 Government decided to give them free passage 

 over the railroads to their own villages. A part 

 of them were, however, turned out from the great 

 industrial centers into the neighboring rural dis- 

 tricts, and much lawlessness resulted. Arson be- 

 came frequent in various parts of the empire. 

 Socialistic manifestations took place among the 

 work-people in Poland and in Odessa, Kharkov, 

 St. Petersburg, Moscow, and other Russian cities. 

 Students were found in disguise among the work- 

 men. Wholesale arrests were made in St. Peters- 

 burg and elsewhere, and in domiciliary visits evi- 

 dence was discovered of a socialistic revolution- 

 ary propaganda carried on all over the country. 

 Persons of high position, rank, wealth, or reputa- 

 tion were implicated and arrested. Others es- 

 caped abroad. 



Finland. The grand duchy of Finland when 

 united to Russia in 1809 preserved by grant of 

 the Czar its constitutional form of government. 

 Its legislative body is composed of representatives 

 of Four Estates; the knighthood and nobility, the 

 clergy, the citizens, and the peasants. Laws are 

 prepared by the State Secretariat of Finland in 

 St. Petersburg and submitted to the Four Estates, 

 whose unanimous consent is necessary for amend- 

 ments to the Constitution or new taxes. The 

 Czar in Finland bears the title of Grand Duke. 

 The Governor-General is Gen. N. Bobrikoff. The 

 grand duchy has its own customs, with modifica- 

 tions recently imposed, its own monetary system, 

 and its state railroads. In 1890 the postal ad- 

 ministration was placed under the control of the 

 Russian Minister of the Interior. The military 

 system was independent, and Finnish soldiers 

 were not compelled to serve outside of the grand 

 duchy until obligatory service for five years was 

 introduced in 1899 in accordance with the recom- 

 mendations of a Russian military commission, 

 against the protest of the Parliament and people. 



The population was estimated in 1898 at 2,637,- 

 130, divided into 1,304,289 men and 1,332,841 

 women and composed of 2,269,375 Finns, 357,300 

 Swedes, 7,425 Russians, 1,850 Germans, and 1,180 

 Lapps. Helsingfors, with Sveaborg, had 85,041 

 inhabitants. The number of marriages in 1898 

 was 20,611; of. births, 89,106; of deaths, 45,751; 

 excess of births, 43,355. 



The revenue for 1899 was estimated at 88,508,- 

 916 marks, or francs, including 27,572,513 marka 

 from previous years and 3,000,000 marks from the 

 reserve fund. Expenditure was equal to the rev- 

 enue, including a balance of 21,959,570 marks 

 left over. Of the revenue 5,871,620 marks were 

 derived from direct and 31,398,000 marks from 

 indirect taxes. The expenditure for civil admin- 

 istration was 10,550,832 marks; for public wor- 

 ship and education, 8,797,188 marks; for the 

 army, 7,557,899 marks; for railroad construction, 

 14,839,050 marks; for the public debt, 5,070,756 

 marks. The debt, bearing 3 and 3J per cent, in- 

 terest, amounted on Jan. 1, 1900, to 115,028,841 

 marks. 



Lakes cover a ninth of the surface of the coun- 

 try. The crop of rye in 1898 was 4,577,967 hec- 

 toliters; of wheat, 56,059 hectoliters; of barley, 

 2,018,328 hectoliters; of oats, 6,712,649 hectoli- 

 ters; of potatoes, 5,967,731 hectoliters; of flax, 

 1,694 tons; of hemp, 695 tons. There were 306,890 

 horses, 118,781 reindeer, 1,484,965 cattle, 1,080,028 

 sheep, and 224,480 pigs. The Government forests, 

 covering 14,035,067 hectares, yielded a revenue of 

 2,250,666 marks, less 645,948 marks for working 

 expenses. The production of iron ore in 1898 

 was 69,140 tons; of pig iron, 26,679 tons; of bar 

 iron, 23,140 tons. The total value of imports in 

 1899 was 251,000,000 marks, and of exports 184,- 

 900,000 marks. The imports of cereals were 53,- 

 300,000 marks in value; of iron and iron manu- 

 factures, 18,300,000 marks; of machinery, 18,- 

 300,000 marks; of woolen manufactures, 12,100,000 

 marks; of cotton and cotton manufactures, 11,- 

 800,000 marks; of sugar, 8,400,000 marks; of 

 coffee, 7,900,000 marks. The exports of timber 

 were 98,200,000 marks; of butter, 23,600,000 

 marks; of paper and paper pulp, 17,700,000 

 marks; of iron and iron manufactures, 3,600,000 

 marks. The imports from and exports to differ- 

 ent countries had in marks the following valuqs: 



The number of vessels entered at the ports of 

 Finland during 1899 was 8,185, of 1,998,893 tons, 

 of which 5,469, of 851,428 tons, were Finnish; 

 693, of 103,426 tons, were Russian; and 2,023, of 

 1,044,039 tons, were foreign. The number cleared 

 was 8,208, of 2,004,928 tons, of which 5,548, of 

 865,275 tons, were Finnish; 635, of 93,157 tons, 

 were Russian; and 2,025, of 1,046,496 tons, were 

 foreign. The mercantile marine consisted on Jan. 

 1, 1900, of 2,020 sailing vessels, of 271,338 tons, 

 and 261 steamers, of 47,008 tons. The length of 

 railroads belonging to the Government on Jan. 1, 

 1899, was 2,477 kilometers. The number qf pas- 

 sengers carried in 1898 was 5,595,914; tons of 

 freight, 1,888,871; capital cost, 217,231,085 

 marks; receipts, 22,004,274 marks; expenses, 14,- 

 385,844 marks. The number of letters and postal 

 cards that passed through the post-office in 1898 

 was 15,126,163; parcels, 2,922,149; newspapers, 

 14,792,267; registered letters, 1,129,376; receipts 

 were 2,838,361 marks, and expenses 2,346,761 

 marks. 



In February, 1901, an order came from State- 

 Secretary Plehwe for the delivery of the Finnish 

 Government archives, which would be preserved 



