18 SOUTH AFRICA. 



inflict a penalty of 25 lashes on natives, but in horses and country products that the British had 

 more serious cases sentences had to be confirmed requisitioned for their own use, rode into towns 

 by the Attorney-General. The military courts in and fitted themselves out at the stores, surrounded 

 Pretoria and Johannesburg, which had to deal detachments of troops that were hunting them 

 with martial offenses, death sentences requiring and took away their horses, rifles, and bandoliers, 

 the confirmation of the commander-in-chief, were Assistance and intelligence were freely given by 

 abolished. The results of Lord Kitchener's first the Cape Dutch, and on such as gave their sup- 

 aggressive operations, which stirred up the Boers port to the British they took vengeance, and swore 

 to fresh activity in both republics and in Cape vengeance on the latest converts and members of 

 Colony and Natal, revealed the impossibility of the Afrikander Bond who opposed the rebellion 

 organizing a civil administration at that stage, or joined the volunteer corps raised to repel the 

 Sir Alfred Milner obtained leave of absence and invaders. The natives employed by the British 

 went to England, and on May 9 Lord Kitchener they flogged with their whips of rhinoceros-hide, 

 assumed the offices of High Commissioner and Particularly obnoxious Afrikanders were also 

 Administrator of the Transvaal and Orange River whipped with the sjambok, just as in the former 

 Colonies. republics De Wet and other commanders used 

 A provisional municipal administration of Jo- this instrument sometimes in the case of burghers 

 hannesburg and Pretoria was instituted by the who did not wish to break the oath of neutrality 

 appointment of town councils before the depar- or to expose their property to destruction by the 

 ture of Sir Alfred Milner. In the selection of British in order to compel them to return to the 

 officials and in his policy in regard to native ranks. As also in the north the Boers burned 

 labor, the cost of which the mine managers ex- the farms of some whom they considered traitors, 

 pected to reduce by 33J or 50 per cent, under so did Kritzinger and Scheepers destroy occa- 

 British rule, and in other matters, Sir Alfred sionally the homesteads of some who were re- 

 Milner was charged with being guided by the garded as dangerous renegades. The British took 

 views of the Rand capitalists, especially Eckstein still more terrible means to check the rebellion 

 & Co., the -representatives of Wernher, Beit & Co., in Cape Colony and to oust the invaders. The 

 who control nearly half the mines of. the Wit- law passed by the Cape Legislature to meet the 

 watersrand. On July 1 Lord Kitchener issued a case of the last rebellion punished rebels with 

 proclamation to protect from foreclosure or for- fines and imprisonment not very severe and dis- 

 feiture and to release from the payment of in- franchised them for five years. When the rebel- 

 terest or other contract obligations during hos- lion seemed to grow instead of coming to an end 

 tilities British and other Uitlanders who had after the defeat and expulsion of De Wet, the 

 purchased farms or leased mineral lands from common-law penalties, from death down, were 

 burghers before the war. The organization of the declared by proclamation to be substituted for 

 South African constabulary was completed by those of the special law. All the prominent 

 the beginning of July. A special criminal court members of the Bond who did not take the Eng- 

 with jurisdiction over the whole of the Orange lish side in regard to this latest rebellion were 

 River Colony was constituted at Bloemfontein on arrested, including Mr. Merriman, the leader of 

 July 1, its decisions to be confirmed by the ad- the Afrikander Bond party in Parliament. Many 

 ministrator. The mines produced 25,000 ounces of the Opposition members of both branches of 

 of gold in July. Permission was given for several Parliament had been punished in connection with 

 hundred more workmen to come and for addi- the first rising, and now the rest were deprived 

 tional mines to be opened. The mine operators of their seats, and in some cases candidates of 

 and the Uitlanders generally were impatient at the Government were elected to succeed them by 

 the delay in throwing open the mines. The dan- the loyalist voters who alone were permitted to 

 ger of the food-supply being cut off was the chief exercise the franchise. Nevertheless Parliament 

 reason for still shutting Johannesburg to the Uit- was not convened. It was prorogued from time 

 landers. In the supplementary estimates voted to time, and the laws of taxation and supply were 

 by the British Parliament for 1902 was the sum decreed by imperial authority. Whenever rebels 

 of 6,500,000 for a grant in aid of the revenues were captured they were tried by court-martial 

 of the Transvaal and the Orange River Colonies, and sentenced to the severest punishment. In 

 The invasion of Cape Colony was undertaken cases where it could be proved that they fired on 

 partly as a diversion to enable Botha to take the British they were condemned to death and 

 the field with his reorganized force. De Wet's executed. All the people of the neighborhood were 

 venturesome and unsuccessful incursion had spe- compelled to witness some of these executions un- 

 cially this object in view. Lord Kitchener's con- til public opinion in Great Britain revolted 

 centration for the protection of the lines of rail- against this reversion to barbarism. It was pub- 

 road frustrated the plan, enabling sufficient troops lie opinion that caused Lord Kitchener to recall 

 to be detached and swiftly moved by rail to take his order that the children and wives of burghers 

 care of De Wet without weakening the mobile on commando should receive only part of the 

 forces in the Transvaal to such a degree that they rations that were served in the refuge camps to 

 could not overwhelm Botha. Cape Colony, how- other refugees. The innumerable irregular corps 

 ever, was left to defend itself as best it could, that were sent out against the guerrillas wei:e 

 De Wet s force was cornered and driven back and of all sorts of material. They were allowed to 

 scattered, but little notice was taken of other live on the country, like the Boers, and besides 

 commandos which gradually made their way their pay of 5s. a day or more they got a per- 

 south, and from their bases in the mountains centage of the loot that they brought in. The 

 made themselves masters of Cape Colony in spite Uitlanders and colonials were often physically 

 of all the colonial and irregular corps that were unfit for service as well as without training or 

 pitted against them there. They gained all the discipline. The most successful fighters were the 

 recruits they wanted among the Cape Dutch in Australians. The methods adopted by these 

 the districts where they established themselves, corps in dealing with the rebellion in the colony 

 At times they endured hardships, yet mostly they made the inhabitants more bitter and helped to 

 were well supplied with provisions, horses, and spread the rebellion. When the Boers began to 

 arms, intended for the British army. They de- swarm into the colony the military authorities 

 railed and plundered railroad-trains, seized the sent a large military force from the north after 



