626 



SOUTH AFRICA. 



SPAIN. 



tivated on the lower Zambesi. The Zambezia 

 Company has plantations, mines, and trading- 

 posts. Rubber, ores, wax, and ivory are the prin- 

 cipal exports. The value of imports in 1899 was 

 1,621,500; of exports, 164,200. The transit 

 trade with British Central Africa and Rhodesia 

 was 2,275,000. From the port of Beira a rail- 

 road has been built to the frontier of Mashona- 

 land, 222 miles, and thence to Salisbury. The 

 tracks have been widened to standard gage. In 

 Beira were 1,467 whites in a population of 4,130 

 in 1899. Lourengo Marques, the maritime outlet 

 of the Delagoa Bay Railroad, 57 miles in length 

 to the Transvaal border, whence it is continued 

 290 miles to Pretoria, had a white population of 

 5,130 and 1,500 natives. In Chinde were 127 

 Europeans; in Inhambana, 97. The revenue of 

 the colony in 1898 was estimated at 4,232,326 mil- 

 reis, and expenditure at 3,945,765 milreis. The 

 military force was 4,888 men, of whom 3,246 

 were natives. On the west side of Africa, Portu- 

 gal retains Angola (see PORTUGAL). 



German Southwest Africa. The German 

 protectorate of Southwest Africa has an area 

 estimated at 322,450 square miles. Except in the 

 north it is an arid region, having a nomadic 

 population of Hottentots, Bushmen, Damaras, 

 and Kaffirs estimated at 200,000. There were be- 

 sides the military force of 761 men, 1,557 Germans 

 in the protectorate in 1899 and 273 other Euro- 

 peans. There are stations at Windhoek, Gobabis, 

 Otjimbingue, Tsoakhaubmund, Keetmanshoop, 

 and Gibeon, and the ports of Sandwich Harbor, 

 Angra Pequeria, and Swakopmund. From the 

 last, where an artificial harbor has been made, a 

 railroad to Windhoek, headquarters of the ad- 

 ministration, was begun and 80 miles were done 

 before the end of 1899. The Imperial Government 

 contributed 7,181,000 marks in 1901, of which 

 2,300,000 marks were to build the remaining 100 

 miles of the- railroad, to the total revenue of 

 8,174,000 marks. The Damaras have great herds 

 of cattle. Sheep and common goats are also 

 reared. The mineral resources are supposed to 

 be large, but the copper-mines which first at- 

 tracted the Germans are unprofitable, nor have 

 paying gold-mines been found, though there are 

 indications. The exports are guano, ostrich 

 feathers, wax, hides, and cattle. 



British Central Africa. The British Central 

 Africa protectorate has an area of 42,217 square 

 miles with a native population of about 900,000, 

 400 Europeans, and 250 East Indians. In the 

 Shire islands coffee has been planted, and in 1899 

 the export was 1,100 tons. The value of imports 

 in 1900 was 176,000, and of exports 79,000, 

 not including 31,300 worth of merchandise in 

 transit. The principal exports are ivory, coffee, 

 and rubber. The military force consists of 215 

 Sikhs trained in the Indian army and 1,070 na- 

 tive troops under English officers. A battalion 

 of 1,048 trained natives was sent to Mauritius and 

 afterward to British East Africa. Another force 

 of 300 native troops with 50 Sikhs was sent to 

 Ashanti in June, 1900. Two gunboats patrol the 

 Shire river, and one of 350 tons was launched on 

 Lake Nyasa in 1899. The British Commissioner 

 and consul-general is Alfred Sharp, with Lieut. - 

 Col. W. H. Manning as deputy commissioner. 

 The revenue in 1900 was 47,077; expenditure, 

 96,366. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. (See under UNITED 

 STATES.) 



SOUTH DAKOTA. (See under UNITED 

 STATES.) 



SPAIN, a kingdom in southwestern Europe. 

 The legislative power is vested in the Cortes, con- 



sisting of a Senate of 360 members and a Con- 

 gress of 401 members. Of the Senators half are 

 hereditary, life, and official members and half are 

 elected by the provincial and communal assem- 

 blies, universities, learned societies, and the most 

 highly assessed taxpayers. Princes of the royal 

 family, grandees of Spain who have an income 

 of 00,000 pesetas, captains-general of the army, 

 admirals of the navy, archbishops, and supreme 

 court judges are Senators by right of birth or of 

 office. There are 80 of these and 100 appointed 

 for life, and the rest are elected for ten years or 

 the duration of the Cortes. Members of the Con- 

 gress are elected by universal male suffrage for 

 five years. The Cabinet constituted on Oct. 23. 

 1900, was composed as follows: President of the 

 Council, Gen. Azcarraga; Minister of State, Mar- 

 quis Aguilar de Campo; Minister of Justice, 

 Marquis del Vadillo; Minister of War, Gen. Li- 

 nares; Minister of Finance, Allende Salazar; 

 Minister of the Interior, Senor Ugarte; Minister 

 of Public Welfare, Agriculture, Commerce, and 

 Public Works, Sanchez Toca; Minister of Public 

 Instruction, Garcia Alix; Minister of Marine, 

 Rear-Admiral Ramos Izquierdo. 



Area and Population. The area of Spain is 

 197,670 square miles. The population on Dec. 31 r 

 1897, was 18,089,500. The legal population was 

 18,226,040. The number of emigrants in 1898 was 

 59,543, most of whom went to Brazil, the Argen- 

 tine Republic, and Uruguay. 



Finances. The ordinary revenue in the finan- 

 cial year 1899 was 842,532,714 pesetas; expendi- 

 ture, 878,398,568 pesetas. The total receipts from 

 all sources were 921,063,895 pesetas, and the total 

 expenditures 935,422,363 pesetas. In the budget 

 for 1900 the estimate of revenue was 885,998,215 

 pesetas, and of expenditure 905,451,827 pesetas. 

 For 1901 the revenue was estimated at 934,428,381 

 pesetas, of which 392,527,730 pesetas came from 

 direct taxes on land, commerce, mines, Govern- 

 ment salaries, registration, etc.; 347,140,000 pese- 

 tas from customs, excise, indirect taxes, etc.; 

 163.700,024 pesetas from the tobacco monopoly, 

 the mint, etc.; 21,701,480 pesetas from revenue 

 and 3,020,000 pesetas from sales of national prop- 

 erty; 6,255,000 pesetas from the public treasury; 

 and 84,147 pesetas from Fernando Po. The total 

 expenditure was estimated at 926,498,150 pesetas, 

 of which 9,250,000 pesetas were for the civil list, 

 1,638,085 pesetas for the Cortes, 417,938,480 pese- 

 tas for the public debt, 1,518,969 pesetas for the- 

 courts of law, 71,780,500 pesetas for pensions. 

 798,217 pesetas for the Council of Ministers, 4,836,- 

 442 pesetas for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 

 53,291,720 pesetas for the Ministry of Justice and' 

 Worship, 148,993,659 pesetas for the Ministry of 

 War, 27,686,712 pesetas for the Ministry of Ma- 

 rine, 51,279,884 pesetas for the Ministry of the 

 Interior, 18,553,404 pesetas for the Ministry of 

 Public Instruction, 69,793,519 pesetas for the Min- 

 istry of Public Works, 18,336,647 pesetas for the 

 Ministry of Finance, 30,289,515 pesetas for col- 

 lection of taxes, and 512,387 pesetas for Fernan- 

 do Po. 



The public debt on July 1, IfiOO, amounted to 

 9,188,830,792 pesetas, of which 7,068,730,153 pese- 

 tas were the state debt of Spain, 944,842,639 pese- 

 tas the treasury debt, and 1,175,258,000 pesetas 

 the colonial debt, besides which there were vari- 

 ous liabilities of the treasury requiring 16,375,000 

 pesetas a year for the payment of interest, while 

 interest on the state debt amounted to 307,999.997 

 pesetas, that on the treasury debt to 23,835.712 

 pesetas, and that on the colonial debt to 53,873,- 

 770 pesetas, making the total interest charge 

 402,084,479 pesetas. The amount of the foreign 



