634 



SWITZERLAND. 



mate of revenue for 1901 was 104,860,000 francs, 

 of which 865,275 francs come from real property, 

 2,158,390 francs from invested capital, 57,100 

 francs from the general administration, 41,500 

 francs from the Political Department, 55,700 

 francs from the Department of the Interior, 519,- 



arms, and military exercises do not cease when 

 service in the Auszug is completed, for the Land- 

 wehr are mustered periodically for inspection and 

 practise. The total effective of the Auszug on 

 Jan. 1, 1900, was 150,876 men, comprising 113,617 

 infantry, 4,551 cavalry, 20,442 artillery, 5,586 en- 

 gineers, 4,928 sanitary troops, 1,451 administra- 

 tive troops, and 301 bicycle troops. Only the 

 engineers, cavalry guides, train, artificers, and 

 sanitary and administrative troops belong to the 

 Confederation. The infantry and the ordinary 

 cavalry and artillery are maintained by the can- 

 tons, which receive half the military tax. The 

 Auszug is organized in 4 army corps of 2 divi- 

 sions each, and every division has its district in 

 which the bulk of its soldiers are raised. A divi- 

 sion consists of 2 brigades of infantry, 1 battalion 

 of carbineers, 1 company of guides, 1 regiment of 

 artillery, and 1 half-battalion of engineers. The 

 general staff on Jan. 1, 1900, was composed of 48 

 officers, with 766 officials, non-commissioned offi- 

 cers, and privates, besides 311 in the Landwehr. 

 There is no officer of higher rank than a colonel 

 until the army is mobilized, when one of the 

 colonels is appointed commander-in-chief with the 

 title of general, which he retains only during 

 mobilization. The Landwehr on Jan. 1, 19"00, 

 numbered 62,789 men in the first and 24,575 in 

 the second ban, the Landsturm 277,007 men, mak- 

 ing with the Auszug a total strength of 515,247 

 men. The infantry is armed with the Swiss re- 



400 francs from the Department of Justice and peating-rifle, model of 1896, of 7.5 millimeters 



Police, 2,976,900 francs from the Military Depart- 

 ment, 220,000 francs from the Department of Fi- 

 nance, 50,000,000 francs from customs, 507,500 

 francs from the Department of Commerce, Indus- 

 try, and Agriculture, 349,400 francs from rail- 

 roads, 37,384,000 francs from the post-office, 

 9,712,400 francs from telegraphs, and 12,435 francs 

 from miscellaneous sources. The total expendi- 

 tures for 1901 were estimated at 105,855,000 

 francs, of which 4,249,055 francs are for interest 

 and sinking-fund of the debt, 1,236,900 francs for 

 the general administration, 671,100 francs for the 

 Political Department, 13,293,535 francs for the 

 Department of the Interior, 527,400 francs for the 

 Department of Justice and Police, 28,120,923 



caliber. The artillery have 584 field, mountain, 

 and position guns, steel breechloaders of 7, 5, and 

 8 centimeters, 4 centimeters, and 12 centimeters 

 bore respectively. 



Commerce and Production. Of the total 

 area of Switzerland 71.6 per cent, is productive 

 land, and of this 35.8 per cent, is pasture and 

 meadow, 29 per cent, forest, 18.7 per cent, orchard 

 and vineyard, and 16.4 per cent, farm and gar- 

 den. Cheese and condensed milk are exported in 

 great quantities, 295,679 quintals of the one and 

 220,916 quintals of the other in 1899. There were 

 30,020 hectares of vines, from which 867,910 hec- 

 toliters of wine were produced, value 33,687,218 

 francs. Not nearly enough food is produced to 



francs for the Military Department, 367,700 francs supply the population. , Rye, oats, and potatoes 



for the Department of Finance, 5,191,200 francs 

 for customs administration, 1,417,400 francs for 

 industry, 2,840,335 francs for agriculture, 1,008,- 

 900 francs for commerce, 26,400 francs for the 

 assay office, 406,900 francs for railroads, 35,630,- 

 000 francs for the post-office, 10,825,535 francs for 

 telegraphs, and 41,717 francs for miscellaneous 

 expenses. 



are the principal farm crops. The forests cover 

 3,296 square miles. The district between the 

 Lake of Geneva and the Lake of Constance is 

 preserved and reafforested under federal forest 

 laws. In 1899 the number of trees planted was 

 23,669,657. The fish hatcheries in 1899 produced 

 32,744,000 fry. The production of salt in 1899 was 

 468,929 quintals; of cement, 524,015 tons. The 



The Army. Every Swiss citizen capable of quantity of beer brewed was 2,143,078 hectoliters. 



The federal alcohol regie in 1899 sold 64,417 hec- 

 toliters of potable and 44,720 hectoliters of methy- 



03 -- lated spirits. There were 4,933 factories subject 



Elite, then till he is forty of the first ban of the to the factory laws in 1895, em 



bearing arms either performs military service or 

 pays a tax. Between the ages of twenty and 

 thirty-two he is a member of the Auszug, or 



Landwehr, then of the second ban till he is forty- 

 four. There were 543,120 men liable to service in 

 1899, of whom 249,959 were enrolled in the Aus- 



iploying 200,002 



persons and having machinery of 152,718 horse- 

 power, half steam and half water power. The 

 textile industries, the manufacture of food prod- 



zug or the Landwehr, 283,983 paid the military ucts, watch-making, wood-carving, the manufac- 

 tax, and the remainder were physically incapable ture of jewelry, the leather and rubber industries, 

 or otherwise exempt. The contingent of recruits metal manufactures of various kinds, chemical 

 for D was 17,037. The Landsturm comprises manufactures, and the manufacture of paper are 

 all citizens between the ages of seventeen and the leading branches of industry, 

 fifty who are not in the army. They can only be Legislation. The law for the compulsory in- 

 called out in the event of war. Recruits for the surance of working men after elaborate prepara- 

 Auszug receive from forty-two to eighty days of tion and years of discussion was passed by the 

 military instruction and afterward are called into Chambers, and then on May 20, 1900, rejected by 

 camp for sixteen days every second year and the people in a national plebiscite by a formi- 

 every year are exercised in shooting or cavalry dable majority. Great care had been taken to 

 tactics. Before entering the army boys are trained conciliate the mutual-benefit societies, whose 

 in school in military gymnastics and the use of members belong to the bourgeoisie, and the highly 



