.S7A' WILLIAM SIEMENS, F.R.S. 



347 



point, of only about 1 per cent, of carbon, and spiegeleisen or ferro- 

 manganese is added, and the metal tapped in the usual manner. 

 By these means the direct process of making cast steel is earned 

 to a further limit than I have been able to accomplish before, and 

 no difficulty has presented itself in carrying it into effect. The 

 steel so produced is equal in quality to that produced by the open 

 hearth process as now practised If light scrap, such as iron and 

 steel turnings or shearings are available, these may be mixed with 

 advantage, with the batch to increase the yield of metal. 



These are, in short, the more recent improvements in the direct 

 process of producing iron and steel which I have been able to 

 effect, and which I should have been glad to lay before the Iron 

 and Steel Institute in a more complete form than I am able to do 

 at the present time. 



TABLE I. 



CHARUES IN "A" FURNACE AT TOWCESTER. 



ESTIMATE FOR THE PRODUCTION or 1 TON BLOOMS. </ 



Ores, 3 tons (including fluxes), at the average price of 10. per ton . 1 10 



Coals, 1 ton for reducing at 8s 080 



2 tons for heating at 4* 080 



Labour 15 



Hammering 070 



Total cost 



380 



