114 ANDREAS KURTZ 



"Industrial Chemistry," in which subject 

 Payen was most eminent. 



Those twenty years in Paris were lived in 

 the midst of some of the most momentous 

 events that have occurred in modern Europe. 



It was the era of Napoleon Bonaparte, it 

 began with his achievements in Italy, and 

 it terminated with his final overthrow at 

 Waterloo. When Andreas Kurtz arrived in 

 Paris, the Directory was at the head of 

 affairs, he saw it succeeded by the Consulate, 

 and then the Empire; before his residence 

 concluded he had seen the power of Napoleon 

 shattered for a time by the catastrophies of 

 his retreat from Moscow; the Emperor 

 driven to Elba, Louis XVIII. for a few 

 months on the throne of his fathers until 

 Bonaparte returned again to lead his army to 

 his final and irreparable disaster. He wit- 

 nessed the humiliation of Napoleon and the 

 triumphal entry of the armies of the Allies 

 into the capital. 



When, in 1795-6, Andreas Kurtz went to 

 France, a marvellous change was being 

 wrought in chemical science. It was in 1794 

 that Lavoisier perished in the mad fury of 

 the "Reign of Terror," but he, and those 

 associated with him, had succeeded in 



