10 STANDARDIZATION RUI.KS ()/ Till- A.I.I- 



17-.K.S7/ ) FACTOR. 



61* DIVERSITY FACTOR is the ratio of the sum of the maximum p 

 demands of the subdivisions of any system or part of a system, to the 

 mut I of the whole system or of the part of the mder con- 



sideration, measured at the point of supply. 



(Ill) DEMAND FACTOR. 



61b l)i MVM> F M IMK if the ratio of the maximum power demand of 



! the total connected load of th i or of 



;. under considcraticii. 



(ID .VO.V-/A7H LOAD AND INDUCTIVE LOAD. 



62 A non-inductive load is a load in which the current is in phase with the 

 voltage across the load. 



63 An inductive load is a load in which tin- current lags behind the voltage 

 across the load. A load in which the current leads the voltage across the 

 load is sometimes called a condensive or anti-inductive load. 



63a When voltage and curr I arc sinusoidal but not in \>\ 



the voltage may be resolved into two components one in phase with the 

 current, and the other in quadrature therewith. The former is called the 

 effective component (sometimes the energy component), and the latter 

 the reactive component of the voltage. The current may be similarly 

 subdivided with respect to the voltage, and the two components similarly- 

 named. 



(V) POWER- FACTOR AND REACTIVE FACTOR. 



64 The POWER-FACTOR in alternating-current circuits or apparatus is the 

 ratio of the effective (i.e. the cyclic average) power in watts to the appar- 

 ent power in 'olt-ampcres. It may be expressed as follows: 



effective po watts effective current 



apparent power "total volt -amperes* total cur: 



66 The REACTIVE-FACTOR is the ratio of the reactive volt-amp- 

 the product of the reactive component of current by voltage, or re. 

 component of voltage by current) to the total volt-amperes. It may be 

 expressed as follows: 



: tivejxmtf _ reactive current _ i oltage 



apparent power* total yol s* total current 



66 POWER-FACTOR and K FACTOR are related as foll 



If p = power-factor and q = reactive-factor, then with sine waves of voltage 

 and current. 



/>'+<?' -1 



With distorted waves of voltage and current, q ceases to have definite 

 significance. 



* ATT RAT 1 , (>R. 



67 The SAT i K \im\- F.\< i<>k f a machine is the ratio of a small p 

 increase in field excitation to the corresponding percentage i: 

 voltage thereby produced. The saturation factor is, therefore, a err 



of the degree of saturation attained in the magnetic circuit at any ex- 



ion selected. Unless otherwise specified, however, the 

 factor of a machine refers to the excitation existing at normal rated speed 

 and voltage. It is determined from measurements of saturation made on 

 open circuit at rated speed. 



68 The PERCENTAGE OF SATI RATION of a machine at any excitation may 

 be found from its saturation curve of generated voltage as ordinates, against 

 excitation as abscissas, by drawing a tangent to the curve at the ordinate 

 corresponding to the assigned excitation, and extending the tangent to 

 intercept the axis of ordinates drawn through the origin. The rat o ot 

 the intercept on this axis to the ordinate at the assigned excitation, when 

 expressed in percentage, is the percentage of saturation and is indepen- 



