312 STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY 



Feet. 



3. Purple sandstone and shales with thin coals . . about 2000 

 2. Red sandstones and conglomerate at base . . . ,, 3500 

 1. Sandstones and shales, both red and grey, with 80 



seams of bituminous coal . . . . . . ,, 1500 



4. Silesia, Moravia, and Poland 



No large area of Westphalian strata is found again in Central 

 Europe till we reach Silesia, where there are two basins or troughs, 

 the one known as the Lower Silesian or Waldenburg trough and 

 the other as the Upper Silesian basin. The first runs from the 

 Eulengebirge and Waldenburg westward to Schatzlar in Bohemia, 

 and is partly covered by Triassic and Cretaceous rocks. The second 

 lies farther south, its north-east end resting on Devonian near 

 Zuckmantel in Austrian Silesia, and extending south-west far into 

 Moravia (to near Briinn). The thickness of beds in both these 

 areas is considerable, and those of the Waldenburg trough were 

 divided into two stages by Stur : 



2. Schatzlar Beds corresponding with those of Sarrebruck. 

 1. Waldenburg Beds, with a flora of Culm affinities. 



He was inclined to class the lower beds with the underlying Culm, 

 but Weiss regarded them as Westphalian, and Tietze has more 

 recently shown that their equivalents in Moravia (the Ostrau Beds) 

 contain a larger number of species belonging to the Schatzlar flora 

 than to that of the Culm. The Ostrau Beds include several marine 

 bands containing Gastrioceras Listeri, Bellerophon Urei, and other 

 species which suggest a correlation with our Lower Coal-measures. 



Still farther east a similar succession of Westphalian Beds occurs 

 near Cracow in Poland, where it includes a marine band with 

 Spirifer mosquensis, a species which does not exist in Western 

 Europe, and marks a temporary incursion of the eastern or 

 Moscovian Sea. 



5. Russia 



When we reach Central Russia we find the representatives of 

 the AVestphalian Series to be entirely of marine origin, estuarine 

 and semi-terrestrial conditions only prevailing in the southern 

 basin of Donetz. 



In the Moscow basin the whole series consists of limestones, 

 white or yellow in colour, some beds oolitic and some chalky, and 

 many of them highly fossiliferous. This series is known as the 

 Moscovian, and is about 1 500 feet thick ; it is specially char- 

 acterised by Spirifer mosquensis and Streptorhynchus (Meekella) 

 eximius, with the large Foraminifer called Fusulina cylindrica, 

 which is sometimes so abundant as to form a Fusulina limestone. 



