

T1IK CAl;i:nMrKi;ofs SVSTKM 313 



linn -.-tones ;nv rovnvd liy other beds which also probably 

 belong to tlic Wcstplialian Series, for they contain some species 

 common in tnir Avonian Series, such as Spirifer striatus, Productus 

 fiifii, and P. semireticulatus, together with species of Syringopora, 

 Lonsdaleia, and other corals. 



The Moscow basin, though it occupies an area of 13,000 square 

 miles, is probably only a part of a great tract of Carboniferous rocks 

 which underlies the broad Russian plain, for the beds pass in every 

 direction underneath newer strata of Permian, Jurassic, and Cre- 

 taceous ages. Moreover they crop out again along the western 

 Hanks of the Ural Mountains in an almost continuous strip, and 

 lli is (partly covered by Permian) is believed to extend northward 

 to the shore of the Arctic Ocean. 



In the Ural Mountains the Moscovian Series consists of lime- 

 stones with bands of calcareous shale. Spirifer mosquensis and 

 Productus cora are still characteristic fossils, but Cephalopoda are 

 more frequent and include Glyphioceras striolatum, Pronorites cyclo- 

 lobus, and Gastrioceras marianum. 



6. Mediterranean Region 



A few tracts of Westphalian or Moscovian strata occur in 

 Southern Europe, and they all resemble the Eussian type more than 

 that of the north-west. Thus in Austria sandstones and shales, 

 \\ith bands of Fusulina limestone, are infolded with Trias on the 

 western borders of Styria ; and again in Carinthia the Gailthal 

 slates (Dinantian) are overlain by sandstones and shales succeeded 

 by Fusulina limestones. A similar series is found to the south in 

 Carniola, Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. 



Westphalian Beds are said to occur in Corsica, and in Spain 

 (Andalusia) there are Coal-measures with Dictyopteris Brongniarti 

 and interbedded limestones with Spirifer lineatus and Sp. mosquensis. 

 Again in Asturia the Sama slates with Dictyopteris and intercala- 

 tions of marine beds with Schizodus and Posidonontya probably 

 belong to the same series. 



III. THE STEPHANIAN SERIES 



As stated at the beginning of last chapter (p. 244), no representa- 

 tives of the highest portion of the Carboniferous System occur in 

 Britain. This gap in the geological record appears to be due to a 

 general uplift of the whole of North-Western Europe, whereby the 

 low-lying areas in which the older (Westphalian) Coal-measures 

 had been accumulated were raised into dry land. This upheaval, 

 moreover, was accompanied by volcanic disturbances and by crustal 



