TIIK CAKHONIFKUOl'S SVSTKM 315 



region deposition seems to have been restricted to certain shallow- 

 water areas of a lacustrine character, and only portions of these 

 iviiKiiu in small isolated basins. It was only in the east over 

 Russia and the Balkan provinces that open sea prevailed. Conse- 

 ((ii'-ntly there are two very different facies of this series, a western 

 Coal-measure Group (with plants and freshwater fossils) to which 

 the name Stephanian has been given from St. Etienne in France, 

 and an eastern marine facies known as the Uralian from its 

 development in the Ural Mountains. We can only give a brief 

 account of these two facies. 



A. THE STEPHANIAN FACIES 



1. The Flora. This is characterised by the abundance of 

 certain species of Pecopteris (P. arborescens, P. cyathea, etc.), of 

 Callipteridium, Odontopteris, of Cordaites and Calamodendron with 

 the foliage known as Annularia, the non-ribbed Sigillarias, and 

 finally by the appearance of Tceniopteris, of the Conifer Walchia 

 and the Cycads Pterophyllum and Plagiozamites. Three phases or 

 stages have been recognised by M. Grandeury as existing where 

 the Stephanian Series is complete ; these are : 



3. Phase of Calamodendrons. 



2. Phase of Annularia stellata and Pecopteris cyathea. 



1. Phase of Ann. sphenophylloides and P. nctiropteroides. 



The Fauna is not a large one, consisting of some small fresh- 

 water Crustacea (Estheria, Leaia), a few Molluscs (Anthracosia), a 

 number of insects, especially beetles (Eoblattina), and Phasmidae 

 (Protophasma, Dictyoneura) ; also some Fish and Amphibians. 



2. Stratigraphy. In France the Stephanian deposits occupy a 

 number of small isolated basins or troughs, most of which are situate 

 on the borders of the "Massif Central," though some occur in the 

 middle of it (see map, Fig. 102). Many of these patches are doubtless 

 portions of much larger areas or basins of deposition and were 

 originally continuous, but no attempt has yet been made to ascertain 

 which may have been connected with one another, and indeed most 

 French geologists seem to assume that they were all disconnected. 



The typical district of this region is that of St. Etienne in the 

 Department of the Loire (see Fig. 104), where the succession is 

 stated to be as follows : 



Feet. 

 p i f 5. Bois d'Aveize Group 600 



measures! 4 " Berard Groi T 110 



es l3. St. diamond Group 1800 



2. Sterile Beds, conglomerates and sandstones .... 1500 

 1. Breccia resting on the Archaean rocks ..... 600 



