336 STKATIGEAPHICAL GEOLOGY 



the surface, and its base is supposed to be at 1728, but may be 68 



feet lower. The beds traversed were : 



Feet. 

 Upper marls with gypsum ...... 58 



Upper limestones ....... 84 



Middle marls with gypsum ...... 134 



Lower limestones . 270 



Doubtful beds (sandstones) ...... 68 



At Newark it consisted mainly of magnesian limestones, with 

 118 feet of red marl above them, the total being 519 feet, and the 

 base is there clearly marked by a bed of grit and breccia. 



4. North- Western Area and Ireland 



On the western side of the Pennine ranges only a few isolated 

 tracts of Permian strata are found, but as they include fossiliferous 

 magnesian limestones, there can be little doubt that they were 

 originally connected with the eastern area and are remnants of an 

 extensive series of deposits which covered a large part of Northern 

 England and spread across the space now occupied by the Irish 

 Sea into the north of Ireland, where patches still exist as far west 

 as Tyrone. 



Beginning with the southern part of this area a strip of 

 Permian is found near Stockport and Manchester, consisting of : 



Feet. 



2. Marls and limestones with marine fossils . . 230 

 1. Soft red and variegated sandstones . from 300 to 1000 



Fossils found in the upper beds at Fallowfield include Pleuro- 

 phorus costatus, Schizodus Schlotheimi, Bakevellia antiqua, Aucella 

 Hausmanni, and Turbo helicinus. 



Still farther north several small outlying patches of Permian have 

 been found, one east of Preston, another near Clitheroe, where it lies 

 on Carboniferous limestone, and a third rather larger area in the 

 centre of the Burton coalfield ; these occurrences show the beds to be 

 completely unconformable to the Carboniferous rocks, just as on 

 the eastern side of the Pennine anticline. 



The largest Permian tract is that on the western side of the 

 Vale of Eden, extending from Kirkby Stephen in Westmoreland 

 by Appleby and Penrith to within about 3 miles of Carlisle, 

 where it is faulted down below the Triassic sandstones. Here the 

 lowest member of the series is a bright-red sandstone, known as the 

 Penrith sandstone and having a maximum thickness of 1500* feet. 



In the southern part of the Vale this red sandstone includes 



