T1IK I -K KM IAN S VST KM 337 



l- <>f luvccia and conglomerate (locally called brockrain) con- 

 of fragments of limestone embedded in a sandy matrix. 

 Tin--.' breccias are thickest in the south-east, being sometimes over 

 100 feet thick, and they thin out northwards till at and north of 

 IVmith they have quite disappeared, and only red Penrith sand- 

 stone remains. 



The surfaces of some of the sandstone beds bear numerous foot- 

 print^ soi in- of which seem to be tracks of Labyrinthodonte or 

 other amphibians, and some of reptiles (the lacertoid prints). 



Above these sandstones are shales and magnesian limestones ; at 

 Hilton Beck, near Appleby, the former are about 40 feet thick and 

 contain remains of the following plants : Ullmannia Bronni, V. 

 si'hujinoides, Alethopteris Goepperti, Sphenopteris Naumanni, N. 

 dichotoma, Cardwcarpum triangulare, and Odontopteris sp. These 



Melmerby. 



Fig. 109. SECTION THROCttH THE PERMIAN BEDS Ni:.\H I'KXHITH (HarkllCSS). 



A. Red sandstone. C. Magnesian limestone. E. Carboniferous. 



B. Red shale. D. Penrith sandstone. F. Ordovician. 



shales thin out northwards, but the magnesian limestone extends 

 rather farther ; where thickest there is only 25 feet of it, but 

 probably it is only the base of a much thicker mass since removed 

 or else concealed by the unconformity of the Trias. 



Other small patches of these Permian deposits occur in the west 

 of Cumberland, as on the coast at St. Bees Head, and inland at 

 Egremont and Arlecdon. It should also be mentioned that the 

 Permian Series above described is everywhere overlain by a set of 

 red shales and marls with beds of gypsum, and by some these are 

 classed as Permian, but Mr. Goodchild has pointed out that they 

 rest sometimes on the limestone, sometimes on the Hilton shales, 

 and sometimes on Penrith sandstones, so that there is a decided 

 unconformity, and the marls should be regarded as the base of the 

 Trias. 



Permian Beds are found also in the Isle of Man and again at 

 three places in Ireland, one at Cultra on Belfast Lough, another 



z 



