468 STKATIGKAPHICAL GEOLOGY 



The outcrops of the Lower Series in England can be seen in 

 any of the maps mentioned in Chapter III, p. 27, and the areas 

 which they occupy in the western and central parts of Europe are 

 shown on the larger geological maps of Europe. Those of the 

 Cretaceous as a whole are indicated on the map specially prepared 

 by Mr. Stanford for use with this volume (see p. 28). 



A. LOWER CRETACEOUS LIFE 



The following are some of the species which characterise the 

 several stages of this series. 



Marine Fauna. As will be seen later on, the marine facies 

 of Northern Europe, even where it is most complete, differs greatly 

 from that of Central and Southern Europe, and very few fossils 

 are common to the two faunas. We shall therefore in the 

 first place give a list of the characteristic fossils of each of the 

 stages as developed in France and Switzerland, together with 

 those of the English Vectian. A further list of the chief members 

 of the northern fauna will then be given. 



Fossils of the Valenginian 



Echinodermata. Toxaster (Echinospatagus) Campichei, Pygurus rostratus. 



Lamellibranchia. Ostrea rectangularis. 



Gastropoda. Nerinsea Meriani, Natica leviathan. 



Cephalopoda. Hoplites neocomiensis, Hop. regalis, Hop. occitanicus, 



Hop. Boissieri. Phylloceras semisulcatum, Belemnites 



latus, Bel. dilatatus. 



Fossils of the Hauterivian 



Echinodermata. Toxaster complanatus, Holectypus macropygus. 

 Brachiopoda. Terebratula tamarindus, Rhynchonella lata. 

 Lamellibranchia. Neithea atava, Astarte numismalis, Ostrea Couloni. 

 Cephalopoda. Hoplites radiatus, Hop. leopoldinus, Hop. angulico- 



status, Holcostephanus (Astieria) Astieri, Crioceras 



Duvali, Belemnites dilatatus. 



Fossils of the Barremian 



Echinodermata. Heteraster oblongus, Het. Couloni, Toxaster Collegnoi. 

 Brachiopoda. Rhynchonella Moutoni. 

 Lamellibranchia. Requienia ammonia, Toucasia Lonsdalei. 

 Gastropoda. Harpagodes Pelagi. 



Cephalopoda. Holcostephanus fallax, Desmoceras difficile, Crioceras 

 Emerici, Macroscaphites Yvani. 



Fossils of the Aptian and Vectian 



Foraminifera. Orbitolina lenticularis. 

 Echinodermata. Enallaster Tittoni, Peltastes Wrighti. 

 Crustacea. Meyeria magna ( = vectensis). 



