644 STKATIGKAPHICAL GEOLOGY 



marks of the creatures which had dragged them into the cave, and 

 that these were hyaenas is proved by the abundance of hyaena 

 bones and teeth belonging to individuals of all ages from cubhood 

 upwards. Flint implements are rare in the sand, but abound in 

 the overlying cave earth, some consisting of flint and others of 

 quartzite, but all of Palaeolithic form ; bones of the same animals 

 occur in this layer. Lastly, in the breccia above are flint and bone 

 implements of the Neolithic type. 



Some caves in the Vale of Clwyd (North Wales) have been 

 explored by the late Dr. Hicks, and are important from their position 

 in relation to the local Glacial deposits. 26 They are known as 

 the Ffyniion Beuno and Cae Gwyn caves, and are situate in a small 

 valley or ravine on the east side of the Vale at a level of nearly 

 400 feet above the sea. The valley has apparently been filled 

 with Glacial drift of the low-level Lancashire type (see p. 629), and 

 one of the entrances to the Cae Gwyn cave was found to be buried 

 beneath a bank of stratified sand, gravel, and boulder-clay, the 

 lower layers of which entered the cave and overlay the bone-bear- 

 ing cave-earth. The section at this entrance was as follows : 



Feet. Ins. 

 Reddish boulder-clay with sandy seams . . . . 64 



Sand with boulders and seams of clay ..... 3 9 



Gravelly sand with fine laminated sand below . . . 35 

 Red laminated clay ........ 1 



Cave earth with bones and flint implements . . . 2 to 5 



Dr. Hicks inferred that the contents of the cave were pre-Glacial, 

 but this was not proved by the evidence, and the assemblage of 

 mammalia is that of the kter Palaeolithic time, the commonest 

 species being Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Elephas primigenius (the 

 mammoth), and Rangifer tarandus (reindeer). They must, there- 

 fore, be regarded as inter-glacial, but anterior to the submergence 

 which enabled the northern ice to travel so far southward. 



Another important cavern is that known as Kent's Cavern, near 

 Torquay in Devon. This was explored by Mr. Pengelly with 

 assistance from the British Association, and classified collections 

 of its contents may be seen in the museums at Torquay, South 

 Kensington, and Oxford. Where the succession was complete it 

 read as follows : 



5. Black mould. 



4. Granular stalagmite (5 fec'.j with some bones. 



3. Cave earth with many bones and Palaeolithic implements. 



2. Hard crystalline stalagmite (6 to 10 feet) with bones of bears. 



1. Breccia with bones of bears and rude stone implements. 



The cave seems to have been first occupied by bears and 



