144 Practical Zoology. 



under edge of the cheek bone. Trim the muscle entirely away, 

 noting carefully all its connections. 



7. The temporal muscle is attached to the thin wing, or 

 process, of the jaw in front of the hinge, and passes up inside 

 of the arch of the cheek bone and spreads over the temple. 

 The shortening of the masseter and temporal muscles is what 

 shuts the jaws together. Remove this muscle, observing closely 

 all its relations. Place the tips of the ringers on your temples 

 and shut the teeth firmly together ; the hardening of the tem- 

 poral muscle is felt. 



8. After removing the submaxillary glands a muscle may be 

 found on each side attached to the inside of each half-jaw near 

 their union in front. These are the digastric muscles ; prove 

 that when they shorten they depress the lower jaw. Trace these 

 muscles to their connections at both ends. Review these points 

 till you see clearly how the jaw is opened and shut. 



9. Cut away the soft membrane on the side of the mouth. 

 Note its inner surface. Split the two halves of the lower jaw 

 apart in front by a strong knife used from below. Entirely re- 

 move one half-jaw, noting a muscle attached to the inner surface 

 of the back part of the jaw. Look at its inner side for the hole 

 where the nerve and blood tubes entered it. Do you find a 

 hole on the outside of the jaw ? 



10. Examine the tongue ; how much of the space does it fill 

 when the mouth is closed ? What is its shape ? The projections 

 on its surface are called the papillae. 



11. Examine the roof of the mouth. Press against it to find 

 whether or not there is bone back of the soft membrane. This 

 is the hard palate ; note any markings or peculiarities of appear- 

 ance. Follow it back till you reach the soft palate, which has 

 no bony wall just beyond it. Follow the soft palate back, 

 cutting away as much as is necessary of the lateral wall, making 

 the opening cut along the level where the teeth meet. 



12. Back of the soft palate is the cavity called the pharynx; 

 it is a continuation of the mouth. Trace forward the passage 





