20 



ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Storekeepers attached to the quartermaster's 

 department; at armories, and at arsenals of 

 construction; the storekeeper at "Water town 

 arsenal, and storekeepers of ordnance serving 

 in Oregon, California, and New Mexico, receive 

 $1,490 per annum ; at all other arsenals, $1,040 

 per annum. 



Chaplains are paid $100 per month, 2 rations 

 per day, or $18 per month commutation value ; 

 and in time of war or peace $1 per month is 

 allowed for forage; total, $119. 



Paymasters' clerks receive $700 per annum, 

 and one ration (75 cents) per day when on duty. 



The officer in command of a company is al- 

 lowed $10 per month for the responsibility of 

 clothing, arms, and accoutrements. Act March 

 2, 1827, Sec. 2. 



Subaltern officers, employed on the general 

 staff, and receiving increased pay therefor, are 

 not entitled to the additional or fourth ration 

 provided by the Act March 2, 1827, Sec. 2. 



Every commissioned officer below the rank 

 of brigadier-general receives one additional ra- 

 tion per day for every five years' service. Act 

 July 5, 1836, Sec. 12 ; and July 7, 1838, Sec. 9. 



In suddenly calling such vast numbers of men 

 into the field, the industrial energies of the 

 Northern States were aroused to prepare them 

 for an active campaign. While the generals 

 were engaged in organizing and disciplining 

 these forces, the Government was preparing 

 for their equipment. Their clothing was of 

 a uniform material, which was made up in 

 every part of the loyal States. The personal 

 outfit of the soldiers was very complete. The 

 arms were in part manufactured in the country, 

 and partly imported from Europe. The supply 

 of artillery in the country was also so small 

 that it was not only manufactured to the ut- 

 most extent practicable, but also imported from 

 Europe. The harness for the horses in every 

 variety of the service, and the materials of 

 which it was composed, and the equipments for 

 the large force of cavalry, were not in exist- 

 ence, and could be obtained only by manufac- 

 ture and importation. The thousands of wagons 

 required existed only in the form of rough 

 wood and bars of iron. The tents of the sol- 

 diers demanded for their manufacture the ac- 

 tive efforts of those heretofore employed to 

 make the sails for ships. These demands ex- 

 posed the unprepared condition of the country 

 for a great war, and delayed the period of active 

 operations. The abundant resources of the 

 Northern States, however, enabled them to fit 

 out their troops with a profuseness that was 

 burdensome, and: interfered to some extent with 

 military success. 



From a careful investigation and comparison 

 of the monthly " casualty returns" made to tn*e 

 office of the adjutant-general, it is calculated 

 that the number of deaths in the volunteer force 

 of the United States in active service has been 

 at the annual ratio of 53.2 per thousand men, 

 of which 44.6 were from disease and accident, 

 and 8.6 from wounds received in action. Some 



defects and omissions in the regimental returns 

 render it probable that this may be an under- 

 statement, as the data do not include deaths 

 among those discharged from or otherwise 

 quitting the service. An allowance, however, 

 was made for this defect. 



Assuming that the rate of mortality expe- 

 rienced by those who quit the service (by dis- 

 charge for disability, desertion, or otherwise) 

 is the same as those continuing in the service, 

 to wit, 53.2 per 1,000 a very moderate esti- 

 mate, since those discharged for disability are 

 justly presumed to be at the time, in point of 

 health, inferior to their comrades who remain 

 the actuary of the Sanitary Commission, 

 reckons the annual rate of deaths at about 65 

 per 1,000. 



It appears from the returns, that while the 

 death-rate from wounds in action is greater in 

 the case of officers than of privates, being re- 

 spectively 1H and 8 per 1,000, the death-rate 

 of officers from disease and accident is much 

 less than of privates 22 for the former to 46 

 for the latter and that the rate from all causes, 

 embracing both disease and violence, is less 

 with the officers than with the men the entire 

 rate for officers being 33, and for men 54 per 

 1,000. 



The excess of the mortality due to disease 

 and accident, over that due to wounds in ac- 

 tion, is a noticeable fact in the volunteer army 

 of the United States, as in all other armies 

 two thirds of the deaths of the officers and five 

 sixths of those of the men resulting from dis- 

 ease and accident ; the remaining one third and 

 one sixth, respectively, being caused by wounds 

 received in battle. 



It appears from the returns that the general 

 mortality of the army has been gradually in- 

 creasing since the commencement of the war, 

 and that the rate for the autumnal months is 

 1.7 times that indicated by the returns for the 

 summer period, and the winter rate in turn 

 double 1.9 times that of autumn. 



It is also observed that the mortality of the 

 armies recruited at the West, and which operate 

 at the West, is 3.01 times that of the troops re- 

 cruited in the Middle and New England States, 

 and which serve in the armies at the East ; the 

 Western rate from wounds received in action 

 being 4.9 times, and that from disease and ac- 

 cident 2.8 times as great as the corresponding 

 rates in the East. 



To supply losses among the enlisted men in 

 the Eastern armies requires recruits at the rate 

 of 18.8 per 1,000 per month, or 226 per 1,000 per 

 annum ; of which latter proportion 32 is the 

 number required to supply the annual loss by 

 death ; 100 the annual loss by discharge from 

 service, chiefly from disability ; 79 the annual 

 loss from missing in action and from desertions ; 

 and 15 to supply the loss from other causes. 



To supply such losses in the Western armies 

 requires recruits at the rate of 19.5 per 1,000 

 per month, or 134 per 1,000 per annum ; of 

 which latter proportion 96 are required to 



