6 



AGRICULTURE. 



lature in the same year, loaning the college $40,- 

 000 lor twenty years without interest, provided 

 a like sum could be raised by private subscrip- 

 tion. This amount, and a considerable sum in 

 excess of it, was raised, a farm of 700 acres pur- 

 chased in Ovid, Seneca county, and buildings 

 erected sufficient for the accommodation of 150 

 students ; the first class was organized in Dec. 

 1860, but the college was closed from the de- 

 pression produced by the war, and has not since 

 been opened. The " People's College 1 ' at Ha- 

 vana, Schuyler county, was also intended to be 

 partially agricultural in its character, and has a 

 farm of 200 acres ; buildings have been erected, 

 but it is not yet opened for students. The 

 Maryland Agricultural College was incorporated 

 in 1856, and is located on a farm of 400 acres, 

 ten miles north of Washington, D. C. ; $50,000 

 were raised for it by subscription, and the State 

 makes an annual appropriation of $6,000 for 

 its support. It was opened for students in 

 1860 and is still in operation. Its course of 

 instruction diffet-s but little from that of ordi- 

 nary colleges, and it does not require manual 

 labor from the students. The Minnesota Agri- 

 cultural College was incorporated in 1858, and 

 has a farm of 320 acres in Glen county, but has 

 not yet erected buildings. 



Iowa has purchased a farm, and made a be- 

 ginning toward the erection of buildings for an 

 agricultural college ; but has as yet no organ- 

 ized school. Illinois and Wisconsin have also 

 taken some legislative action relative to such 

 institutions. Oregon, at the session of her Legis- 

 lature in Sept., 1862, incorporated a State agri- 

 cultural college at Eugene City, Lane county. 

 There are also collegiate institutions for in- 

 struction in agriculture established by private 

 enterprise near Chicago, Illinois, and near Cin- 

 cinnati, Ohio. 



The most complete organization for agricul- 

 tural training in this country, and the only one 

 now in operation which gives a course ap- 

 proaching in thoroughness and extent the agri- 

 cultural colleges of the continent of Europe, is 

 the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, situ- 

 ated on a farm of 400 acres in Centre county, 

 near Bellefonte, not far from the geographical 

 centre of the State. This college was projected 

 in 1853, and incorporated in 1854, at first under 

 the name of the " Farmers' High School of 

 Pennsylvania," which was changed in 1862 to 

 that of " Agricultural College of Pennsylvania." 

 The State Agricultural Society appropriated 

 $10,000 toward its establishment ; the Legisla- 

 ture in 1857 granted $25,000, upon condition 

 that $25,000 more were raised by private sub- 

 scription. A second sum of $25,000 was granted 

 upon the same terms ; and in 1856 Gen. James 

 Irvin gave 200 acres, and sold 200 more at a low 

 price to the trustees, from his estate in Centre 

 county, for the location. Centre county raised 

 about $15,000 in addition for the college, and, in- 

 cluding the State appropriation, there had been 

 raised in 1859 about $103,000. The buildings 

 were, however, but partially erected, and re- 



quired over $40,000 more for their completion, 

 and other expenditures to the extent of $15,000 

 more were needed to fit it for a true agricultural 

 college. In 1861 the Legislature granted a fur- 

 ther appropriation of $50,000, which enabled 

 the corporation to complete their buildings and 

 furnish the necessary apparatus and implements. 

 The college was opened for pupils in 1858 ; four 

 classes had been organized in the summer of 

 1862, and two classes had graduated. The 

 trustees had secured at the beginning the ser- 

 vices of Evan Pugh, Ph. D. and F. C. S., as the 

 president, and he spent two years in Europe 

 visiting the agricultural colleges, collecting a 

 library and cabinet of geology and mineralogy, 

 and familiarizing himself with the methods of 

 instruction there pursued, and returned in 1860 

 to take charge of the college. Besides his du- 

 ties as president, Dr. Pugh also acts as profes- 

 sor of chemistry, scientific agriculture, mineral- 

 ogy, and geology. There are four other pro- 

 fessors : one of English language and literature, 

 and moral and intellectual philosophy ; one of 

 botany, physiology, zoology, horticulture, and 

 gardening ; one of the mathematical sciences, 

 and one of the science and art of veterinary 

 surgery; two assistants in analytical chemis- 

 try, and five superintendents of the farm, nur- 

 sery garden, &c. The course of study occupies 

 four years, and the student who passes succes- 

 fully the several examinations and presents a 

 thesis, receives on graduating the degree of 

 bachelor of scientific agriculture (B. S. A.). 

 After a fifth year of study he may receive 

 the degree of master of scientific agriculture 

 (M. S. A.). There are partial scientific and prac- 

 tical courses, without degrees, for those who 

 are unable to take a full course. The course 

 of study comprises for the first year arithmetic 

 and elementary algebra, horticulture, element- 

 ary anatomy and physiology, physical geogra- 

 phy and elementary astronomy, English gram- 

 mar and composition, elocution, history, prac- 

 tical agriculture, and the details of management 

 on the college farm. For the second year, ad- 

 vanced algebra and geometry, general chemis- 

 try, vegetable anatomy and physiology, zoology 

 and veterinary surgery, geology, paleontology, 

 practical agriculture and horticulture, logic and 

 rhetoric. The studies of the third year are : 

 surveying, navigation, levelling, drafting with 

 the use of instruments, analytics, trigonometry 

 and calculus, natural philosophy, chemical 

 analysis, veterinary surgery, entomology, agri- 

 cultural botany, practical agriculture and- po- 

 mology, political and social economy. The 

 fourth year's studies are analytical geometry, 

 differential and integral calculus, engineering, 

 drafting, mechanical drawing, quantitative 

 chemical analysis, veterinary pharmacy, gar- 

 dening, agricultural accounts and farm manage- 

 ment, moral and intellectual philosophy. Every 

 student is required to perform three hours' 

 manual labor on the farm or in the garden, 

 nursery, or orchard daily. The cost of board 

 and tuition, room, rent, and washing, is $100 



