CONGRESS, U. S. 



275 



CONGRESS, U. S. The second session of 

 the thirty-seventh Congress* convened at 

 Washington- on the 2d of December, 1861. At 

 this session the legislation of Congress assumed 

 a new aspect. Two positions were taken, 

 which became the basis of the action of the 

 controlling majority in that body on all sub- 

 jects relating to the troubles of the country. 

 The first one was that slavery was the cause of 

 those troubles. Of course, all the power of 

 the Government must be directed against this 

 cause. This power was to be wielded in 

 two ways, viz., by negative measures and by 

 positive. The negative measures consisted in 

 withholding all restraints upon the slave. Prac- 

 tical emancipation followed the progress of the 

 armies. The slave could go wherever he 

 pleased, and be fed and clothed when destitute 

 at the public expense, and be protected from 

 the apprehension of his master, unless the 

 latter could prove his loyalty, although re- 

 siding in a country where the Government of 

 the United States was utterly unable to afford 

 to him any protection. The positive measures 

 consisted in emancipation in all places under 



* The following is a list of the members of both Houses: 



BENATE. 



Maine Lot M. Morrill, William P. Fessenden. 

 New Hampshire Daniel Clark, John P. Hale. 

 Vermont Solomon Foot, Jacob Collamer. 

 Massachusetts Henry Wilson, Charles Sumner. 

 Rhode Island James F. Simmons, Henry B. Anthony. 

 Connecticut James Dixon, Lafayette S. Foster. 

 New York Preston King, Ira Harris. 

 yew Jersey John B. Thompson, John C. Ten Eyck. 

 Pennsylvania Edgar Cowan, David Wilmot. 

 Maryland Anthony Kennedv. James A. Pearce. 

 Delaware James A. Bayard, Willard Saulsbury. 

 Virginia John S. Carlile. Waitman T. Willey. 

 Kentucky Lazarus W. Powell, Garrett Davis. 

 Ohio Benjamin F. Wade, John Sherman. 

 Michigan Zachariah Chandler, Jacob M. Howard. 

 Indiana Jesse D. Bright,* Henry S. Lane. 

 77/i nois Lyman Trumbull, O. H. Browning. 

 Wisconsin James E. Doolittle, Timothy O. Howe. 

 Iowa James W. Grimes, James Harlan". 

 Minnesota. Henry M. Bice, Morton S. Wilkinson. 

 Missouri John B. Henderson, Eobert Wilson. 

 Tennessee Andrew Johnson. 



California Milton S. Latham, James A. McDougalL 

 Kansas Samuel C. Pomeroy, James H. Lane. 

 Oregon James W. Xesmitb, Benjamin F. Stark. 



Maine John N. Goodwin, Charles \V. "Walton, Samuel 

 C. Fessenden, Anson P. MorrilL John H. Eice, Frederick 

 A. Pike. 



yew Hampshire Edward H. Eollins, Thomas M. Ed- 

 wards, Gilman Marston. 



Vermont E. P. Walton, Justin S. Morrill, Portus Baxter. 



Massachusetts Thomas D. Eliot, James Bufflnton, Ben- 

 jamin F. Thomas, Alexander H. Eice, John B. Alley, Chas. 

 E. Train, Goldsmith F. Bailey, Charles Delano, Henry L. 

 Dawes, Samuel Hooper, Daniel W. Gooch. 



Rhode Isla nd William P. Sheffield, George H. Browne. 



Connecticut Dwight Loomis, Alfred A. Burnham, Geo. 

 C. "Woodruff, James E. English. 



California Aaron A. Sargeant, T. G. Phelps, F. F. Low. 



New York Edward H. Smith, Moses F. Odell. William 

 "Wall. Frederick A. Conkling, Elijah Ward, Edward Haight, 

 Charles H. Van Wyck, John B. Steele, Stephen Baker, 

 Abraham B. Olin, Erastus Corning, William A. Wheeler, 

 Socrates N. Sherman, Richard Franchot, Eoscoe Conkling, 

 R. Holland Duell, William E. Lansing, Ambrose "W. Clark, 

 Charles B. Sedgwick, Theodore M. Pomeroy, Eobert B. Van 

 Valkenbnrgh, Augustus Frank, Burt Van Horn. Elbridge 

 G. Spaulding, Eeuben E. Fenton, Benjamin Wood. James 

 E. Kerrigan, Isaac C. Delaplaine, James B. McKean, Chaun- 



Mr. Bright wu expelled, and Joseph H. Wright appointed by 

 tt Governor. 



the exclusive control of the Government, in 

 prohibiting the extension of slavery to terri- 

 tories, and in a universal emancipation in the 

 disloyal States through confiscation. The sec- 

 ond position taken was that, the Government 

 was engaged in a struggle for its existence, 

 and could, therefore, resort to any measure 

 which a case of self-defence would justify. 

 This was said to be one of the hitherto unde- 

 veloped powers of the Constitution, and was 

 called the "war power." The limitations which 

 are prescribed in the Constitution to the powers 

 of the Government, were supposed not to apply 

 under the existing circumstances of the coun- 

 try, but Congress could pass all measures which 

 it considered necessary to sustain the Govern- 

 ment in the exercise of its authority. Practi- 

 cally the Constitution is of no force under this 

 view, so far as it relates to the measures deemed 

 necessary; or it is regarded as silent on the 

 subjects in question. If the Government is con- 

 sidered to be one simply of delegated powers, 

 the question may naturally be asked, how Con- 

 gress can legislate upon measures relative to 

 which it has no power ? If the Constitution 



cey Vibbard, Jacob P. Chamberlain, Alexander S. Diven, 

 Alfred Ely. 



New Jersey William G. Steele, George T. Cobb, Ne- 

 hemiah Perry, John T. Nison, John L. N. Stratton. 



Pennsylvania William E. Lehman. John P. Verree, 

 "William D. Kelley, William Morris Davis, John Hickman, 

 Sydenham E. Ancona, Thaddeus Stevens, James H. Camp- 

 bell, Galusha A. Grow, Charles J. Biddle, Joseph Bailey, Ed- 

 ward McPherson, Samuel S. Blair. Jesse Lazear, James K. 

 Moorhead, Bobert McKnight. John W. Wallace, John Pat- 

 ton, Elijah Babbitt, Thomas B. Cooper, John "W. Killinger, 

 Hendrick B. Wright, Philip Johnson, James T. Hale, John 

 Covode. 



Maryland Cornelius L. L. Leary, Henry May, Francis 

 Thomas, Charles B. Calvert, John W. Crisfield, Edwin H. 

 Webster. 



Virginia Charles H. Upton, Jacob B. Blair, Joseph 

 Segur, William G. Brown, Kelliam V. Whaley. 



Ohio George H: Pendleton, John A. Gurley, Clement L. 

 Vallandigham," William Allen, James M. Ashley, Chilton A. 

 "White, Eichard A. Harrison, Samuel Shellabarger, Warren 

 P. Noble, Carey A. Trimble, Valentine B. Horton, Samael 

 8. Cox, Samuel'T. Worcester, Harrison G. Blake, James E. 

 Morris, Sidney Edgerton, Albert G. Eiddle, John Hutchins, 

 John A. Bingham, Eobert H. Nngen, William P. Cutler. 



Kentucky Charles A. Wiekliffe, George W. Dnnlap, 

 John W. Menzies, Aaron Harding, Samuel L. Casey, George 

 H. Teaman, Henry Grider, Eobert Mallory, John J. Critten- 

 den. William H. Wadsworth. 



Tennessee Horace Maynard, A J. Clements. 



Indiana John Law, James A. Cravens, W. McKee Dunn, 

 William S. Holman, George \V. Julian, Albert G. Porter, 

 Schuyler Colfax, William Mitchell, Daniel W. Voorhees, 

 Albert S. White, John P. C. Shanks. 



Illinois Elihu B. Wnshbnrne, Isaac K. Arnold, Owen 

 Lovejoy, Wm. Kellogg. Wm. A. Eichardson, James C. Eob- 

 inson, Philip B. Fouke, John A. Logan. Anthony L. Knapp. 



Missouri Francis P. Blairjr., Elijah H. Norton, John 

 W. Noell, James S. Eollins, William A. Hall, Thomas L. 

 Price. John S. Phelps. 



Michigan Bradley F. Granger. Fernando C. Beaman, 

 Eowland E. Trowbridge, Francis W. Kellogg. 



Iowa William Vandever, James F. Wilson. 



Wisconsin John F. Potter, Luther Hanchett, A. Scott 

 Sloan. 



Minnesota Cyrus Aldrich, William Windom. 



Delaware Ge'orge P. Fisher. 



Oregon George K. Shiel. 



Kansas Martin F. Conway. 



Dakota John B. S. Todd. 



Nebraska Samuel G. Daily. 



Utah John M. Bernhisel. 



Nevada John Cradlebangh. 



Colorado H. P. Bennet 



New Mexico John S. Watts. 



Washington William H. Wallace. 



