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EXHIBITION, BRITISH INDUSTRIAL. 



Oh ye, the wise who think, the wise who reign, 

 From growing commerce loose her latest chain, 

 And let the fair white-winged peacemaker fly 

 To happy hsvens under all the sky, 

 And mix the seasons and the golden hours, 

 Till each man find his own in all men's good, 

 And all men work in noble brotherhood, 

 Breaking their mailed fleets and armed towers, 

 And ruling by obeying Nature's powers. 

 And gathering all the fruits of peace and crown'd with 

 all her flowers. 



Auber's " Grand March" followed. 



After the conclusion of the special music, 

 the bishop of London, with much fervency of 

 manner, read an impressive prayer. 



Handel's mighty choral hymns the " Halle- 

 lujah" and "Amen," from the Messiah fol- 

 lowed. 



After the "Amen" the National Anthem 

 was again sung, and with this the music to the 

 religious part of the ceremony came to a con- 

 clusion. 



The Duke of Cambridge then rose, and in a 

 loud voice said : " By command of the Queen, 

 I now declare the Exhibition open." 



The trumpets of the Life Guards saluted the 

 announcement with a prolonged fanfare, and 

 the crowd echoed it back with a cheer, which 

 was taken up and speedily spread from one end 

 of the building to the other. This ended the 

 official ceremonial. 



OBJECTS AND ARTICLES EXHIBITED. Mining, 

 Quarrying, and Metallurgy. A case devoted 

 to aluminium, showed the progress already 

 made in the application of that valuable metal 

 and of its alloys. The metal is obtained from 

 the double chloride of aluminium and sodium 

 by fusion with sodium. Amongst its advan- 

 tages, besides non-liability to tarnishing, is the 

 lightness. By its use, a sextant which in brass 

 would weigh 3 Ib. may be made to weigh 1 Ib. 

 9 oz. It costs 40s. per Ib. troy. The alloy of 

 the metal with copper,called aluminium-bronze, 

 contains five per cent, of aluminium, and costs 

 4s. 6d. per Ib. avoirdupois. This alloy resem- 

 bles gold in appearance ; whilst it is stronger 

 than iron. Keys are made of aluminium alloyed 

 with two per cent, of nickel to increase hard- 

 ness. 



Of copper, in the Exhibition, there were 

 specimens of ores from nearly every part of the 

 world. The Connoree Mining Company, Ire- 

 land, exhibited calamine, the ore of zinc, from 

 a new locality. Ores of zinc were also shown 

 in the Belgian, Zollverein, Austrian, Swedish, 

 Spanish, Portuguese, and United States depart- 

 ments. In the Belgian department, Muller and 

 Co. exhibited spelter produced in a blast fur- 

 nace ; a process long attempted in vain. 



Cadmium, generally found in zinc ores, was 

 shown in the Polish and Zollverein depart- 

 ments, in foil and cylindrical sticks. Cadmium, 

 combined with sulphur, forms a fine yellow, 

 opaque, durable pigment, much prized by art- 

 ists. It is much in request for Wood's newly- 

 discovered fusible alloy, which melts at a tem- 

 perature far below boiling water. 



Of tin, the Exhibition presented nothing re- 

 markable or novel. 



Lead (galena) was shown in nearly all the 

 departments, the Italian and Portuguese being 

 especially interesting. There was, however, 

 nothing in the Exhibition to indicate that prog- 

 ress has been made toward the solution of 

 the great problem of condensing lead fume. In 

 one year a large smelting establishment in the 

 north of England obtained 800 tons of lead 

 from the dust accumulated in their long flues. 



Arsenic was sufficiently represented. Nickel 

 is now much used for electro-plated articles, and 

 the nickel manufacture was first brought to its 

 present perfection in Birmingham. Nickel is 

 now employed in the coinage of Switzerland, 

 Belgium, and the United States. Ores of nickel 

 were exhibited by several manufacturers of 

 German silver. 



Cobalt, valuable for its forming blue color, 

 was found in the Zollverein department, and the 

 United States. Oxide of Cobalt is now largely 

 employed by the potter and glass-maker in Bir- 

 mingham : the fine " flowing blue" on our china 

 was the result of the first application of this 

 oxide. 



Antimony was well represented in the Ex- 

 hibition. Its chief ore is sulphide, which has 

 during many years been regularly and largely 

 imported into this country from Borneo. 



The Exhibition contained several interesting 

 and important illustrations of mercury or quick- 

 silver. It chiefly occurs in nature in combina- 

 tion with sulphur, constituting the well-known 

 mineral, native cinnabar. Magnificent speci- 

 mens of this mineral from the Almaden mines 

 were found in the Spanish department in the 

 nave. 



All galena. contains silver, though not always 

 in sufficient proportion to allow of its profitable 

 extraction. It is generally admitted that only 

 lead containing more than two ounces of silver 

 to the ton can be subjected to Pattinson's well- 

 known process of desilverization with advan- 

 tage. By this simple and important invention 

 an enormous amount of silver has been saved 

 to the world. 



Rich sulphide of silver has recently been dis- 

 covered in Cornwall, but hitherto it has not 

 been possible to procure even a specimen, as 

 the adventurers are desirous of attracting the 

 notice of the crown as little as possible ; for a 

 mine of which the ore is sulphide of silver 

 would undoubtedly be a mine royal, and belong 

 to the Crown. 



Gold was displayed in marvellous profusion 

 in various departments. All native gold con- 

 tains silver, which varies much in proportion, 

 and tends to render the gold pale in color. All 

 lead contains gold in addition to silver, but in 

 quantity generally so minute as to be valueless. 

 But there it is, and it may invariably be ex- 

 tracted from lead, so as to be distinctly visible. 



A series illustrative of the extraction of gold 

 by chlorine water from the residua obtained at 

 the arsenic works at Reichenstein, in Silesia, 

 was exhibited in the Zollverein department. 



Clay and terra-cotta manufactures were rep- 



