GEORGIA. 



493 



On the Western continent, the mounds and 

 tumuli of the Northwest have received some 

 attention, and the Smithsonian Institute has in 

 hand a treatise concerning the ancient mining 

 operations in the Lake Superior copper region, 

 and has made arrangements for collecting spe- 

 cimens of the implements used in or about the 

 ancient mines. The Institution has also sent 

 out circulars giving instructions relative to 

 archaeological investigations in the United 

 States, and suggestions relative to an ethnolog- 

 ical map of North America. 



GEORGIA, the most populous of the ex- 

 treme Southern States, had in 1860, 591,588 

 whites, 3,500 free colored inhabitants, and 

 462.198 slaves total 1,057,286. The ratio of 

 increase of the population during the preceding 

 ten years has been : white 13.42, free colored 

 19.41, slaves 21.10. The white male popula- 

 tion was 301,066 ; females, 290.484. The mor- 

 tality during the year ending May 31, 1860, 

 was 12.807. Fevers and pneumonia were 

 among the most fatal diseases. The number of 

 deaf mutes in the State was 428, of whom 83 

 were slaves. Of the industrial products of the 

 State, the value of iron founding for the year 

 ending June 1, I860, was $79,000 ; coal mined, 

 48.000 bushels : value of lumber sawed, planed, 

 ire.. $2.004.026 : capital invested in cotton 

 manufacture. $1,854,603; number of spindles. 

 41.312; looms, 1.058; value of leather, $393,- 

 164; boots and shoes manufactured, $357,267. 

 Value of real estate and personal property, 

 $045.895.237; acres improved land, 8,068,758 : 

 do. unimproved, 18.587.732 : cash value of 

 farms and plantations, $152,072.803. Horses. 

 71; asses and mules, 101,069; milch 

 cows, 299.688 ; working oxen, 74.487 ; other 

 cattle, 631.707 ; sheep. 512,618: swine, 2.036.- 

 116. Wheat produced. 2.544.913 bushels ; rye. 

 115,532; corn, 30,776,293; oats, 1,231 

 rice. 52.507,652 pounds ; tobacco. 919.316 ; 

 cotton. 701.840 bales of 400 pounds each ; wool, 

 946.229 pounds; peas and beans, 1.705.214 

 bushels ; potatoes. Irish. 316.552 \ do. sweet. 

 6,508,541; barley, 14.6*2: cane sugar. 1.167 

 hogsheads ; molasses. 540,770 gallons. Length 

 of railroads in the State, 1,404 miles ; cost of 

 construction, $29.057.742. 



The commerce of the State being entirely 

 cut off. and a general stagnation prevailing in 

 business, the military affairs of the country 

 became the engrossing topic with the people. 

 The same sanguine confidence which had 

 sustained their efforts during the first nine 

 months of the war still existed at the begin- 

 ning of 1862, notwithstanding the aspect of 

 affairs was changing. Their enemy, the Fed- 

 eral troops, was concentrating in powerful force 

 on the islands adjacent to the coast. Certain 

 of the leaders of secession who were the sena- 

 tors or representatives of the State in the Con- 

 federate Congress, aware that an invasion of 

 the territory was to be expected, had united in 

 issuing an address to the citizens. See page 



This address recommended them to destroy 



their crops, especially cotton, and lay waste the 

 country on the approach of the enemy. It was 

 a confession of weakness, and recommended to 

 the people of this once nourishing State a sys- 

 tem of measures which they refused to adopt. 

 Its effect, however, Vas to discourage the confi- 

 dence of the people in the success of the war. 

 Upon the call of President Davis upon the 

 governor of the State, Joseph E. Brown, for 

 troops, soon afterward, it was necessary to 

 resort to a draft to obtain them. This draft 

 took place in Savannah on the 4th of March. 

 One military company of the city, the Mitchell 

 Guards, was induced to volunteer toward 

 making up the quota; but few others were 

 added to the voluntary list. An immense crowd 

 appeared before the officers on the day of the 

 draft in Savannah and preferred their excuses. 

 A large number of them were aliens, while 

 others were invalids, all showing a disinclina- 

 tion to enter the army. In fact, at this time a 

 large portion of those who had been in service 

 refused to enlist, and a large party of the citi- 

 zens of the State were dormant or indifferent 

 as to the state of affairs. The same feeling ex- 

 isted widely in other of the Southern States. 

 In central Mississippi most frantic appeals were 

 made at this time to the lagging masses, while 

 the people in the northern part of that State, 

 like those in the same hilly latitude through 

 Georgia and Alabama, were, from the first, 

 largely Unionist, and waited as it was charged, 

 "one-half to stare at, and the other half to 

 welcome the approaching Federal forces/' In 

 other portions of the seceded States the same 

 feeling existed. Even in South Carolina, upon 

 a call of the governor for five thousand fresh 

 troops, under the penalty of a draft, only nine 

 reenlisted out of a regiment which had tried 

 the war. The conscription act of the Con- 

 federate Congress was the salvation of the Con- 

 federate army in the year 1862. 



The capture of Fort Pulaski, at the entrance 

 of the Savannah river, on April 11. caused 

 great excitement in the city of Savannah. A 

 citizen has thus described it : 



I can give you but a faint idea of the consternation 

 the capture produced. Since the abandonment of the 

 design by the enemy to bring in gunboats from Wall's 

 Cut the confidence of the citizens became more assured, 

 and the wisest hoped that the fort, which thereupon 

 became the key and safety of Savannah, would be en- 

 abled to detain the enemy for an indefinite time. The 

 blow has been suddenly and totally unlocked for, and 

 equally unprovided for. 



The" enemy will not wait long to attack the batteries 

 about Fort Jackson. Their heavy ships have entered 

 the river above Pulaski as high as Venus Point, only 

 seven miles below, and are in plain view of the defen- 

 ces of the city of Savannah. How long they will be 

 able to withstand an attack, let Pulaski be your teacher. 

 We will be driven from them as surely as we now ac- 

 cept the fact of the loss of Pulaski. 



The city has been in intense excitement between the 

 bold and "rapid advances of the Federals and the terri- 

 bly unnerving taps upon the shoulder which the Brown 

 satellites, under Gen. H. B. Jackson, without form of 

 law or authority, inflict. Our citizens (the few who 

 remain i have been arrested on the street, dragged to 

 camp, shown a tent, and informed that there their 



