500 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



$337,278,014. The expenditure for the year 

 was not made up, but there was a probability 

 of a slight deficiency. Of the revenue, $115,- 

 496,920 was derived from customs, $84,264,400 

 from excise duties, $42,712,734 from stamps, 

 $15,294,400 from taxes, $38,778,480 from the 

 property tax, $17,230,400 from the post office, 

 $1,435,162 from the crown lands, and $9,772,- 

 318 from miscellaneous sources. 



The Bank of England is the principal though 

 not now the only bank of issue of the United 

 Kingdom. On the 20th of September, 1862, it 

 had notes in circulation to the amount of 21,- 

 148,709; the Bank of Scotland, at the same 

 date, had 3,987,290 ; the Bank of Ireland, 

 5,071,204; private banks 3,065,498, and the 

 joint stock banks 2,795,424. The private 

 banks, joint stock banks, and, we believe, the 

 Bank of Scotland, pay out only Bank of Eng- 

 land notes. The entire bank circulation of the 

 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 

 at that date, was 36,068,125 ($174,569,725). 

 The coinage of 1861 was 8,536,000, or about 

 $42,000,000. 



2. Imports and Exports. The imports of the 

 year 1861 were 217,315,881 ($1,051,808,864); 

 the exports for the same year were 125,115,- 

 133 ($605,557,244). Of the imports 38,653,- 

 398 ($187,082,446) was of raw cotton ; of this, 

 26,570,399 ($128,620,731) was from the United 

 States; 34,741,692 ($168,149,789) was bread- 

 stuffs. The other principal articles were : wool, 

 9,366,296; raw silk, 7,907,162 ; sugar and 

 molasses, 13,252,217; tea, 6,850,561 ; cof- 

 fee, 2,628,694; butter, 4,902,394; flax, 3,- 

 423,137; tar, 3,311,717; timber, 10,270,- 

 566; wine, 3,862,233 ; flaxseed, 3,108,055; 

 manufactured silks, 5,356,404; tobacco, 2,- 

 195,147. Of the exports, cotton goods took 

 the lead, their value being 46,836,737; 

 woollen goods came next, their value being 

 14,687,316; iron and steel (except hardware 

 and cutlery) were valued at 10,341,574; ma- 

 chinery, 4,219,688 ; hardware and cutlery, 

 3,425,260; haberdashery and millinery, 3,- 

 423,493 ; coals and culm, 3,593,076. 



The number of ships entering British ports 

 from other countries in 1861 was 55,263 ves- 

 sels, and their aggregate measurement 13,179,- 

 589 tons ; of these, 29,907 vessels, measuring 

 7,721,035 tons, were British, and 25,356, meas- 

 uring 5,458,554 tons, were foreign. 



The clearances from British ports for foreign 

 ports the same year were 56,056 vessels, with 

 an aggregate measurement of 13,416,052 tons, 

 of which 29,357, measuring 7,699,497 tons, were 

 British, and 26,699, measuring 5,716,555 tons, 

 were foreign. In the coasting trade the same 

 year, 153,066 British vessels, with a tonnage of 

 17,357,131 tons, and 525 foreign vessels, ton- 

 nage 93,456, entered the several ports of Great 

 Britain; and 156,981 British vessels, with a 

 tonnage of 17,379,693, and 408 foreign vessels, 

 tonnage 67,031, departed from those ports. 



3. Education in England. In England the 

 Educational Committee of the Privy Coun- 



cil report in 1861 10,900 daily schools, with 

 1,028,690 children (5 boys to 4 girls), 8,069 

 certificated teachers, and 15,498 apprentices or 

 assistant teachers. There were also 39 training 

 colleges with 2,869 students and 2,782 candi- 

 dates for teachers; 442 schools for pauper 

 children, with' about 30,000 inmates, and 58 

 ragged or industrial schools, with 4,411 inmates. 

 For secondary education, there are in England 

 20 foundation schools, in most of which the 

 course of classical and mathematical instruction 

 is nearly or quite equal to that in the majority 

 of our colleges ; there are also about 40 colleges, 

 mostly though not entirely under the direction 

 of dissenters, and all in connection with the 

 University of London as to degrees, and the 

 three universities, Oxford, Cambridge and Dur- 

 ham. The University of Oxford has 19 col- 

 leges and 5 halls, and beside the college head- 

 masters and teachers, or dons as they are 

 called, a body of 41 university professors. 

 Cambridge University has 16 colleges and one 

 hall, and a corps of 28 University professors. 

 The University of Durham has one college and 

 2 halls, and 7 professors and readers and 3 

 tutors. In the way of higher education there 

 are theological professorships connected with 

 the universities and most of the dissenting col- 

 leges, 48 medical schools, instructions in law in 

 the 4 Inns of Court (the Middle and Inner 

 Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn), and pro- 

 fessorships of law in King's and University Col- 

 leges, London, and in Oxford and Cambridge 

 Universities ; military colleges at Landhurst and 

 Woolwich, a naval college at Portsmouth, a 

 Government school of mines at London, a roy- 

 al agricultural college at CirencesteT, and a 

 royal veterinary college at Camden Town. 



4. Postal Communication. In 1861, the 

 number of letters delivered in the United King- 

 dom was 593,240,000, of which 486,679,000, 

 belonged to England and "Wales, 50,009 to Ire- 

 land, and 56,552,000 to Scotland ; or 24 letters 

 to each inhabitant of England, 9 to each inhab- 

 itant of Ireland, and 18 to each inhabitant of 

 Scotland. The number of newspapers deliver- 

 ed was 72,300,000, and of book packets 12,300,- 

 000. The gross revenue was 3,665,128 ($17,- 

 739,210), the expenditure 2,501,013 ($11,304,- 

 903), and the net revenue 1,161,985 ($5,624,- 

 007). The total number of miles over which 

 the mails are transported during the year is 

 47,371,924, and the average cost per mile, 3fd. 

 or about 7 j cents. The number of money orders 

 issued in 1861, was 7,580,455. and the amount 

 14,616,348 ($70,743,124). The profit to the 

 Government was about $130,000. Only 267 

 ($1,292) has been lost in ten years. In 1861, 

 the Government added to the Post Office De- 

 partment a system of post office savings banks, 

 on a very simple plan. This has found so much 

 favor that on the 1st of April, 1862, only six 

 months, there were 91,965 depositors, and the 

 amount of deposits was 735,253 ($2,558,625). 

 The average amount of deposits to each depos- 

 itor was about $13. 



