526 



ILLUMINATION. 



INDIANA. 



placed beneath the engine communicate with 

 these burners by means of pipes, their capacity 

 being considerably above the requirements of 

 a single trip. The charging of these before 

 starting occupies less time, and is more con- 

 veniently accomplished, than the filling and 

 care of the lamps previously in use. The flow 

 of air and gas is controlled by regulators and 

 stop-cocks at the command of the engineer. 

 The peculiar economy, in view of its great 

 brilliancy, of this light, arises from the circum- 

 stances that the. ignition of the lime cylinder is 

 purely an effect of heat, so that there is no at- 

 tempt to secure brightness in the burning gas 

 jets, but heat only; and to effect this latter 

 purpose, the air, simply taken in from the at- 

 mosphere and warmed, constitutes much the 

 larger portion of the compound jet, the coal 

 gas, which alone costs, being consumed in a very 

 email amount. The inventor states that, while 

 the head lights previously in use on the Central 

 Railroad, requiring oil, wicks, and chimneys, 

 and the first of these costing 6] cents an hour, 

 were maintained at an expense each of about 

 $108.75 per annum; on the other hand, the 

 consumption of gas in the new light not ex- 

 ceeding in expense 1| cents an hour, these 

 lights, which are also more brilliant, need not 

 cost more than $26.87 each per annum. 



Lampe Eolienne. This new lamp, which, it 

 is said, will soon be on sale, and which is in- 

 tended for the combustion, not only of all the 

 hydrocarbon oils that can be burned in lamps 

 now in use, including whale oils, but also of 

 those heavier oils to the employment of which 

 the common styles of lamps are not adapted, is 

 the invention of M. B. De Keravenan, a French 

 engineer. The perfect combustion, and with- 

 out smoke, of the heavier and highly carbon- 

 aceous oils, as well as of others, which is se- 

 cured in this lamp, is effected by means of the 

 forcing upward, within a tube rising through 

 the middle of the lamp, and discharging directly 

 in connection with the wick and flame, of a 

 continuous current of air impelled by a fan 

 wheel or vane driven by clockwork the me- 

 chanical arrangement for the purpose being 

 placed within the base of the lamp, and out of 

 sight. The motive power is, of course, that of 

 a spring; and the mechanism, like that of a 

 clock, requires to be wound up at certain in- 

 tervals. The current of air is thrown from the 

 tube against the inner side of a cone placed 

 upon the burner, and is thus deflected into or 

 upon the flame ; and it is stated that, as a con- 

 sequence of this arrangement, the flame is ren- 

 dered pure, white, and intense, as well as almost 

 fixed, i. e., well nigh free from flickering ; while 

 it does not smoke even where there are draughts 

 of air, or on being carried about the room. The 

 current of air is usually one of considerable 

 amount ; but the quantity can be regulated by a 

 valve controlling the admission of air, and the 

 flame can in this way be varied in color from 

 white to yellow, orange, or reddish. The per- 

 fect combustion removes the possibility of an 



odor of the oil from the flame ; while danger of 

 explosion is said to be obviated by the cooling 

 effect of the air current in its passage upward, 

 and through the cap of the lamp, and which 

 prevents the heating of the vapor forming over 

 the liquid within it. Much time and study are 

 said to have been devoted to the invention and 

 perfection of the mechanism and parts of this 

 lamp, in order to adapt these to accomplish in 

 the most satisfactory manner the purposes to 

 be attained. The size of the flame obtained 

 may, by suitably proportioning that of the wick, 

 be very greatly increased; so that the light 

 is adapted to a variety of uses, from that of the 

 portable house lamp, to that of the lights of 

 docks, steamboats, cars, locomotives, and even 

 of lighthouses. Though the new lamp is less 

 likely to be made of small sizes, or to be cheap, 

 it will, of course be likely to prove a desir- 

 able one where lamps of a large size are re- 

 quired, through the relatively increased brill- 

 iancy and economy of the light, and the less 

 unwholesome character of its products, result- 

 ing from the complete combustion of the oils, as 

 well as through its saving the inconveniences 

 and disfigurement of the glass chimney. 



INDIANA, situated north of the Ohio river, 

 and west of the State of Ohio, had in 1860 a 

 population of 1,350,428, which was an increase 

 of 362,012 since 1850. The increase in the 

 population of some of the principal cities and 

 towns was as follows : 



CITIES ASD TOWNS. 



The number of white males was 693,348; 

 do., females, 646,862. 



The mortality during the year ending May 

 31, 1860, was 15,205. The most fatal diseases 

 were consumption, croup, fevers, and pneumo- 

 nia. 



The industrial products of the State were as 

 follows : iron founding, $168,575 ; coal, $27,- 

 000; lumber, 3,169,843; flour and meal, $11,- 

 292,665 ; spirituous liquors, $8,358,560 gallons ; 

 malt do., 66,338 bbls. ; cotton goods, $349, 

 000; woollen do., $695,370; leather, $800,- 

 387; boots and shoes, $1,034,341; furniture, 

 $601,124; fish, $17,500. Total, $43,250,000. 

 Value of real and personal property $528,835,- 

 871, being an increase during the preceding 

 ten years of $326,185,107. The cash value of 

 farms was $344,902,776. The amount of some 

 of the productions of agriculture was as fol- 

 lows: horses, 409,504; asses and mules, 18,- 

 627; milch cows, 491,033; working oxen, 

 95,982; other cattle, 582,990; sheep, 2,- 

 157,375 ; swine, 2,498,528 ; value of live 

 stock, $50,116,964; wheat, 15,219,120 bushels; 

 rye, 400.226 bush.; corn, 69,641,591 bush.; 

 oats, 5,028,755 bush.; tobacco, 7,246,132 Ibs. ; 

 wool, 2,466,264 Ibs. ; potatoes, Irish, 3,873,- 



