IOWA. 



ITALY. 



535 



during 1862. The first session was at the be- 

 giuning of the year, and the second in Septem- 

 ber. They were devoted to providing for the 

 unusual circumstances of war in which the 

 State was called to take a part, and to the ordi- 

 nary objects of local legislation. Some of these 

 objects were to make provision for sick and 

 wounded soldiers, offer inducements to volun- 

 teers to enlist ; a modification of the election 

 laws, that volunteers might vote when absent ; 

 and increasing the resources of the executive 

 department. 



The State election for members of Congress 

 and half the Senate and the members of the 

 House of the State Legislature, took place on 

 the second Tuesday of November. The people 

 were divided into two parties, the republican 

 and the democratic. The platform of the repub- 

 lican party was similar in its general principles 

 to that adopted by the same party in Illinois, 

 on page 519, to which reference is here made. 

 The platform of the democratic party was 

 similar to that adopted by the same party in 

 the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania, to which 

 reference is made. The offices to be filled at 

 this election were secretary of State, auditor 

 of State, treasurer, attorney-general, and reg- 

 ister of the land office, and six members of 

 Congress. The vote of the citizens was as 

 follows : 



For the republican candidate for Secretary of State. . 66,014 

 For the democratic candidate for Secretary of State . . 50,899 



Majority for the former 15,115 



The soldiers in the several regiments which 

 had gone from the State, were also allowed to 

 vote, with the following result : 



For the republican candidate for Secretary of State.. 14.S74 

 For the democratic candidate for Secretary of State . . 4,115 



Republican majority 10,759 



The votes for the other State officers were as 

 follows : 



The candidates of the republican party for 

 Congress were all chosen by the following vote : 



Republican. Democratic. 



Istdistrict 12.705 10,486 



2d " 12,433 8,930 



3d " 12,113 8.452 



4th " 12,900 11,529 



5th " 10,306 7,346 



6th* " 5,3S6 2,755 



At the election for governor in 1861, the 

 republican majority was 16,608; do. at the 

 presidential election in 1860, 15,298. 



The republicans obtained a large majority in 

 both branches of the Legislature at the last elec- 

 tion in 1861, when that body stood as follows: 



Senate 

 House . 



Republican. De 

 32 

 59- 



locratie. 



14 



Incomplete. 



The number of regiments of infantry from 

 the State in the field near the close of the year 

 was thirty-nine ; do. of cavalry four, and three 

 batteries. In addition, there are soldiers from 

 the State in the 1st Nebraska, 5th Kansas, 7th, 

 10th, 21st, and 25th Missouri. 



ITALY, a limited monarchy of Southern 

 Europe, embracing the whole of the Italian 

 peninsula except a small part (4,502 square 

 miles) of the States of the Church and the 

 Austrian province of Venetia, formerly the Ee- 

 public of Venice. King Victor Emanuel II, born 

 1820, acceded to the throne of Sardinia in 1849, 

 and was crowned King of Italy, 1862. Area of 

 the kingdom, 95,942 square miles. Population, 

 1862, 22,430,000. The ordinary revenues of 

 the kingdom for the year ending Jan. 1, 1862, 

 were $97,756,440 ; the expenditures for all pur- 

 poses, $155,996,260. The national debt at the 

 same date was $536,032,422. 



The record of the condition of Italy in the 

 "Annual Cyclopaedia" for 1861, leaves it at the 

 critical moment when the death of its great 

 statesman, Cavour, had plunged the nation in 

 sorrow. The people of Italy, as well as its 

 king, felt that Cavour, and he only, was capa- 

 ble of solving the difficulties of their situation ; 

 of coping, by the force of his genius and the 

 power of his will, with the shrewd and selfish 

 policy of Napoleon III ; of paralyzing the ef- 

 forts of the weak but mischievous Bourbon, 

 whom Garibaldi had relieved of his crown, to 

 overthrow the new government ; of overcom- 

 ing the sullen obstinacy of the Pope, and of 

 restraining the fiery impatience of the revolu- 

 tionary chief, Garibaldi. 



"When, by a sudden stroke, they were depriv- 

 ed of this wise and patriotic statesman, the king 

 and the nation sought at once for some man 

 whose patriotism, intellectual ability, and per- 

 sonal influence were such that he could, at this 

 critical juncture, assume the responsibilities and 

 carry out the policy of the deceased minister. 

 One name, and one only, seems to have suggest- 

 ed itself to the minds of the nation, that of the 

 Baron Ricasoli, not as the equal in intellectual 

 power of the great minister, but as a man of 

 pure patriotism, of inflexible integrity, of per- 

 sonal sympathy with and devotion to Cavour's 

 views, and of sufficient ability and influence to 

 push to their consummation the purposes and 

 plans of the deceased minister. To him, ac- 

 cordingly, the premiership was at once tender- 

 ed, and he accepted it with the avowed pur- 

 pose of being governed by the views and en- 

 deavoring to attain the objects which Cavour 

 had sought. For this purpose he made slight 

 and only absolutely necessary changes in the 

 personnel of the cabinet, and promoted the 

 measures which Cavour had initiated. 



But there were numerous obstacles in the way 

 of his success on which he had not counted. 

 Though irreproachable in the integrity and 

 purity of his character, and intensely patriotic, 

 the Baron Kicasoli's manners were somewhat 

 haughty, and he possessed little of that power 



