538 



ITALY. 



enthusiasm of the Sicilians by his proclamations 

 and, cooperating with Mazzini, commenced or- 

 ganizing a small army of invasion, believing 

 that the measure had the full sympathy of the 

 Government, which indeed had furnished it 

 with means and arms. Napoleon III began to 

 protest, and Garibaldi and Mazzini denounced 

 the emperor without stint. Thus passed the 

 month of July without remonstrance from the 

 Italian Government. At length, on the 3d of 

 August, Victor Emanuel issued a proclama- 

 tion to the Italian people warning them to 

 take no part in any enterprise such as was pro- 

 posed, as it would he regarded as revolt and 

 civil war, and pledging himself to secure for 

 them eventually the possession of Borne. This 

 proclamation under Ratazzi's secret explana- 

 tions Garibaldi regarded as a ruse, and went on 

 with his preparations. The Emperor sent war 

 vessels to blockade the Sicilian coast to prevent 

 his passage to the main land, andRatazzi final- 

 ly sent Gen. Cugia with orders to prevent the 

 ex-dictator from marching toward Rome, but 

 not to interfere with him if he wished to go 

 anywhere else. Garibaldi meantime had moved 

 forward to Catania on the 18th of August, 

 adopting as his watchword, " Rome or Death." 

 On the 24th and 25th of the same month, he 

 succeeded in crossing the strait near Cape Spar- 

 tivento, having had a slight skirmish with some 

 Italian troops, in which he lost a few prisoners. 

 He had, at the time of crossing, a force of about 

 2,300 men. About 500 whom he had left at 

 Catania were taken prisoners on the 26th. It 

 was no part of his purpose to come into conflict 

 with Italian troops, and he accordingly passed 

 by mountain routes from Mileto and Reggio 

 toward Aspromonte, encountering, on the 27th, 

 a small force, and losing 42 of his men as pris- 

 oners. On the 29th, he occupied a strong posi- 

 tion at Aspromonte, where he was attacked by 

 Col. Pallavicini. He directed his men not to 

 fire at Pallavicini's troops, but the royal com- 

 mander was not so forbearing, and 12 of the 

 Garibaldians were killed, 200 wounded, among 

 whom were Garibaldi himself, and his son, 

 Menotti ; 2,000 were taken prisoners, and con- 

 veyed to Spezzia. Garibaldi asked to be put 

 on board an English ship, but Ratazzi refused 

 to grant this, and he was kept as a prisoner. 

 His wounds were painful, and one of them (a 

 ball in the foot) was deemed dangerous. The 

 knowledge of his being wounded and taken 

 prisoner produced great excitement throughout 

 Europe : an eminent English surgeon went on 

 to Spezzia to attend him, and his expenses were 

 defrayed by a public subscription. After some 



months of suffering the ball was extracted, and 

 his recovery, though tedious, is probable. The 

 Italian Government found itself greatly embar- 

 rassed with the prisoners thus taken. The 

 revolutionary chief, who had given "Victor 

 Emanuel the kingdom of the Sicilies, could not 

 be treated as a common prisoner, even though 

 taken in arms against his king ; nor was it to 

 be believed that he was at heart disloyal to that 

 king; he was rather the dupe of the prime 

 minister, and had believed himself really doing 

 the king service. From all quarters came ap- 

 peals for an amnesty for him and his followers. 

 At the wedding of the second daughter of Vic- 

 tor Emanuel and the young King of Portugal, 

 on the 27th of September, both the bride and 

 bridegroom, and Prince Napoleon and the 

 Princess Clotilde (the eldest daughter of the 

 king) added their prayers for the amnesty, 

 which was granted on the 5th of October. 



The arrest of Garibaldi's expedition intensi- 

 fied rather than checked the feeling of the 

 whole Italian nation that Rome must become 

 their capital. This feeling found vent in the 

 circular of the minister of foreign affairs, Sig- 

 ner Durando, to the representatives of Italy at 

 foreign courts, on the 10th of September, in 

 which he said that Garibaldi's watchword 

 ("Rome or Death") was but the expression of a 

 national necessity, more imperious now than 

 ever. It found a still stronger expression at 

 the reassembling of the Parliament, when the 

 Chamber of Deputies adopted an address to the 

 king, in which, after thanking him for the am- 

 nesty decreed to Garibaldi and his followers, 

 they proceed to say, " the time for action for 

 the acquisition of Rome is delayed ; for the 

 present we will strengthen our finances by an 

 active industry ; we will increase our army to 

 400,000 men, and then, sire, with you at its 

 head, we will see who will withhold Rome 

 from us ! " 



The Ratazzi cabinet fell in November, at the 

 reassembling of Parliament, under the wither- 

 ing scorn of the nation's representatives ; having 

 sunk so low in reputation that no respectable 

 minority could be found to support it. The 

 premier, in his intense desire for a prolonga- 

 tion of his power, even for a few weeks, begged 

 the king to prorogue the Parliament so that a 

 new ministry might not be confirmed, but Vic- 

 tor Emanuel, to his credit, firmly refused. 

 The new cabinet consists of Signer Farini, 

 premier ; Peruzzi, minister of the interior ; 

 Mughelti, minister of finance ; Amari, public in- 

 struction ; and Manna, commerce. It is said to 

 be a cabinet of great ability and high character. 



J 



JOHNSTON, ALBERT SYDNEY, a general in 

 the Confederate service, born in Mason county, 

 Kentucky, in 1803, was killed at the battle of 

 Shiloh, April, 6, 1862. He graduated at West 



Point in 1826, as lieutenant in the 6th infantry, 

 served in the Black Hawk war, and in 1836 

 entered the Texan army as a private soldier. 

 After several promotions, he succeeded Gen. 



