RUSSIA. 





movement had, however, up to the end of the 

 year been received from Roman Catholic 

 sources. 



ROSS, Admiral Sir JAMES CLARK, D.C.L., 

 F.R.S., F.L.S., an English naval officer and po- 

 lar voyager, born in London, April 15, 1800, 

 died at Aston Abbott's House, Aylesbury, April 

 3, 1862. He was a nephew of the late Sir John 

 Ross, and entered the navy in 1812, as a volun- 

 teer on his uncle's ship, and between 1818 and 

 1827 accompanied his uncle and Commodore 

 Parry in 5 voyages of exploration to the arctic 

 regions. In 1827 he was made a commander, 

 and in 1829 joined Sir John Ross's arctic ex- 

 pedition, which was detained for four years in 

 the polar regions. During this expedition, in 

 1831, he discovered the north magnetic pole, 

 and planted the British flag upon it, and on his 

 return in 1834 was raised to the rank of post- 

 captain. In 1836, he crossed the Atlantic to 

 search for and relieve some missing whale ships, 

 and after his return was engaged for two or 

 three years on a magnetic survey of Great 

 Britain and Ireland. In 1839 he took command 

 of the antarctic expedition, and in his four 

 years' cruise approached within 160 miles of the 

 South magnetic pole. In 1844 the University 

 of Oxford bestowed op him the honorary de- 

 gree of D.C.L. He had been elected a fellow 

 of the Linnean Society in 1823, and of the Roy- 

 al Society in 1827, and was also a correspond- 

 ing member of many of the foreign scientific 

 societies. For his discoveries in his antarctic 

 expedition he received the gold medals of the 

 London and Paris Geographical Societies. He 

 made an independent discovery of the antarc- 

 tic continent, though a few months later than 

 Com. "Wilkes. In 1844 he was knighted. In 

 1848 he was appointed to the Enterprise and 

 made a voyage to Baffin's Bay in search of Sir 

 John Franklin. He published in 1847 a nar- 

 rative of his antarctic explorations under the 

 title of " A Voyage of Discovery and Research 

 in the Southern and Antarctic Regions." (2 

 vols. 8vo, London.) 



RUSSIA, an autocratic empire of Europe and 

 Asia, having in Europe a territory of 2,120,397 

 square miles, and a population in 1861 of 66,- 

 891.493 inhabitants. Emperor, or Czar, Alex- 

 ander II, born in 1818, ascended the throne 

 in 1855. Estimated revenues for 1862, $245,- 

 571,150, including about $75,000,000 to be 

 derived from a. loan; estimated expenditure for 

 the same year, $231,771,150. 



At the beginning of 1862, two topics occu- 

 pied the thoughts of the Russian people, and 

 of the nations adjacent who were interested in 

 Russian affairs ; viz., the condition of Poland, 

 and the effects of the promised emancipation 

 of the serfs. Other topics allied to one or the 

 other of these, became prominent in the course 

 of the year, which has been for Russia one of 

 the most eventful of her history. 



The Poles, who had resolved to assemble at 

 Warsaw on the 15th of Oct. 1861, to celebrate 

 the memory of Kosciusko, were prevented from 



making the demonstration they had intended 

 by the Russian atithorit: :, the day 



preceding declared the city in a state of - 

 and stationed a large body ot - 

 streets. The people nevertheless asseml-i- 

 the churches peaceably. When r 

 filled, the soldiers surrounded. them and . 

 manded the people to go to their homes: thU 

 was refused quietly but steadily, unk- 

 soldiers would first withdraw ; and fur 17 ; 

 they remained in the churches, singing nu' 

 hymns; finally, the Russian general ('-. 

 weig, a Russian of the old type, gave the order 

 to the soldiers to take them out of the chu 

 by fofVje at 4 o'clock in the morning. Tl. 

 diers obeyed and dragged away more than - 

 many of them women and children, to th-- 

 del. This order of the general, given without 

 consultation with the Governor of Warsaw, 

 Count Lambert, led to a violent altercation be- 

 tween the latter and the general, which termi- 

 nated in the latter committing suicide, and the 

 former leaving "Warsaw the next day, on the 

 plea of ill health. 



The proceedings of the 15th were followed 

 by other arrests, and by the imprisonment, 

 banishment, and condemnation to death of 

 prominent Poles, and the Russian Government, 

 as it has often done, alternated acts of mildness 

 and severity, in such a way as to lose the con- 

 fidence of all parties of Warsaw, and to give 

 the impression of a vacillating and timid policy, 

 cruel when it was safe to be so, and only gentle 

 when the threatened uprising of the whole 

 people inspired it with alarm. In the appoint- 

 ment of a new archbishop, the former arch- 

 bishop having died in the summer of 1861, the 

 emperor, who nominated the new incumbent, 

 showed a desire to gratify the Poles, and to 

 efface the remembrance of his past despotic 

 acts ; as he did also in the appointment of his 

 brother the Archduke Constantino as his 

 lieutenant of Poland, in May, 1862; but the 

 Poles had been too often cajoled, and then 

 treated with cruelty, to be readily placated. The 

 Russian general, Luders, Count Wialopolski. the 

 Governor of Warsaw, and the archduke him- 

 self were repeatedly attacked by assassins, and 

 the general and the archduke severely wounded. 

 These assailants were arrested, tried, and exe- 

 cuted. After some months quiet seemed in a lab- 

 way of being restored, when the Rr.- 

 ernment was again guilty of one of those acts 

 of tyranny which every few months excite the 

 Poles to insurrection and resistance. The 

 scription for the ensuing year was to be made 

 in November, 1862, and instead of proceeding 

 as the law required, and as was practi.^ 

 Russia, throughout Poland the citizens of the 

 towns, who had been more active than the 

 peasants of the country in their opposition tc 

 the Government, were seized for the army, and 

 every man who had united in ? na- 



tional hymns, whether beyond milit 

 not, and without regard to his s- >n or 



circumstances, was put at once into the ranks, 



