WATER WORKS. 



603 



ment and efficiency of the Royal College of 

 Surgeons, and in the exercise of the duties of 

 coroners. In short, he made the "Lancet" 

 felt as a power which would he exercised on 

 the side of right, the removal of abuses, and 

 the reform of practices, which injured and 

 dishonored the medical profession. In 1839 

 he was chosen coroner of Middlesex, which 

 office he held until his death. His ability and 

 eloquence, displayed on several occasions, led 

 his friends to request that he would become a 

 candidate for the representation of Finsbury in 

 Parliament. He was defeated, however, in 

 1832, and again in 1834, but in January, 1835, 

 was elected, and continued to hold his seat 

 until 1852, when he retired from Parliamentary 

 life. While in Parliament, he always spoke 

 and voted for the abolition of all taxes upon 

 knowledge, and was influential in obtaining a 

 select committee to enquire into the state of 

 medical education and practice, the report of 

 which had great influence on the progress of 

 medical reform. 



WATER WORKS. BOSTON-, COCHITUATE 

 WATER WOEKS. The expenditures, on account 

 of the Water Works, to January 1, 1863, are 

 $9,526,121.29, from which there'should be de- 

 ducted sundry credits by the city, and amounts 

 received for water rates, $3,515,303.23, leav- 

 ing the actual cost of the works, January 1, 

 1863, $6,010,818.06. The total amount receiv- 

 ed for water used during the year ending 

 January 1, 1863, was $364.036.37. 'The average 

 daily consumption of water during the year 

 has been 16,600,000 gall., which daily con- 

 sumption is 1,589.304 gall, less than in the year 

 1861. The consumption has decreased over 

 one million gallons per day, but the receipts 

 for water used during the year have consider- 

 ably increased. This saving of water is main- 

 ly owing to the number of water meters 

 placed in establishments where large quantities 

 of water are used. 



During 3i days in May, water was wasted 

 from the lake into Sudbury river, amounting 

 in all to 33,200,000 gallons, equal to about 2 

 days' supply for the city. This was the total 

 amount of waste for the whole year. 



During the year there has been a gain of 5 

 ft. of water hi the lake, equal to about 60 

 days' supply nearly ^ of the number of days 

 in the year but there has been about j more 

 than the average annual rain fall, showing an 

 amount used equal to the average annual rain- 

 fall, and also showing all that the lake can be 

 relied on to furnish annually is used. More 

 storage room is needed with the present 

 means of supply, as well as a new source of 

 supply. 



According to Mr. J. P. Hall's measurements 

 of rain fall in Boston, the average annual 

 amount for 29 years previous to 1852 was 42.24 

 inches; and for ^ of that time the annual 

 amount was less than the average of 41 inches. 

 In 1828 it was only 32.41 inches. 



From 1852 to 1862, inclusive 51.61 inches. 



A similar increase has taken place, to a greater 

 or less extent, at neighboring places. 



BROOKLYN NASSAU WATER WORKS. Water 

 has been introduced and distributed by means 

 of these works since 1859, but it was not till 

 May, 1862, that the whole works were complet- 

 ed and transferred by the contractors and con- 

 structing board to the city. 



The works were constructed under the charge 

 of James P. Kirk wood, Esq., chief engineer, by 

 Messrs. H. S. Welles <fc Co., contractors. The 

 sources of supply are several ponds along the 

 south shore of Long Island, as follows : 



The average rain fall over tlds drainage dis- 

 trict has been, for the past 37 years, 39 ^ 

 inches. 



The minimum rain fall was, in the year 

 1835, 28-^ inches. The maximum, in the 

 year 1859, was 59-^. 



J/am Conduit. This starts at Hempstead 

 pond, and leads as directly as the character of 

 the ground admits to the pump well total 

 length 12j miles; dimensions, 8 ft. 2 in. wide, 

 by 6 ft. 4 in. high; the top is semicircular, 

 and the bottom an invert of 1 ft. versed sine, 

 side walls vertical 15 in. It is built this 

 size. 2,092 ft. when it receives the water 

 from Rockville pond by a circular conduit 

 2 ft. in diam. and 8 in. thick. The main 

 conduit is here enlarged by increasing the 

 width 6 in. and the height 3 in., and continues 

 this size 14,094 ft., to "the next branch, from 

 Valley stream, 2-* ft. diam. The main is here 

 increased in width 6 in., and in height 3 in., 

 and the entire arch is laid 12 in. thick: it con- 

 tinues this size 4.371 ft., to the next branch of 

 the Clear Stream, 2 ft. in diam. The main is 

 again increased in width 2 in. and in height 1 

 in., and thus continues 5,400 ft., to the Brook- 

 field branch, 2 ft. diam. The main is here 

 enlarged to a width of 9 ft. 8 inches, and a 

 height of 7 ft. 1 inch., and thus continues 

 over 13,500 feet., to the junction of Jamai- 

 ca pond branch, 3?, ft. diam., and 8 in. thick. 

 The fall of the conduit to this point is 1 in 

 10.000. It is built wholly of brick, except in 

 a few short pieces across embankments, where 

 the side walls are strengthened by stone, and 

 a spandrel backing. From this point to the 

 pump well the conduit is 8 ft. 8 in. high, and 



