WATER WORKS. 



807 



feed, and return the injection water to the 

 maiii. P is the lower pump ; P the upper. 



STEAM CYLINDER. 



Length of stroke, 4 ft. 6 in. 



Diameter of cylinder, 24 inches. 



PUMPS. 



Length of stroke (average), 3.466 feet. 



Diameter of barrels, 20J inches. 



FLT WHEEL. 



Diameter of, 20 feet. 



Length of crank, 27 inches. 



Duty pr. test, May, 1862, 649,577 Ibs. ft. pr. 

 Ib. of coal, for 93 consecutive hours ; capacity 

 for the same time 14,557,027 N. Y. gallons de- 

 livered into the reservoir. 



CINCINNATI. The average daily consumption 

 has varied from 4,675,300 gallons in February, 

 to 6,793,414 in August, the daily average for 

 the year being 5,643,087 gallons, or about 37| 

 gallons per head, for a population of 150,000, 

 supplied by the works. The rate as at present 

 charged for manufacturers is 12 cents per 1,000 

 gallons, to be reduced after the 1st of July 

 next to 9 cents per 1,000 gallons. The de- 

 mands upon the works are steadily increasing, 

 and the full capacity for supply will be taxed 

 until the new engine is brought into operation. 

 The water is pumped from the river by steam 

 power, and additional works are in progres- 

 sion on which $134,000 have been spent during 

 the last 2 years. The non-condensing engines 

 of the Cincinnati works consist of two cylinders 

 each 21 inches bore and 10 feet stroke. The 

 two condensing engines have each a cylinder 

 45 inches diameter, and 8 feet stroke. 



DETROIT. The expenditures to January 23d, 

 1863, for construction of water works was $621,- 

 283.51. The whole quantity distributed during 

 the year 1862, 999,945,329 U. S. galls. Aver- 

 age daily distribution, 2,725,877 galls., or 45 

 galls, to each inhabitant of a population of 60,- 

 000. The water supply is by means of pumps 

 from the Detroit river, and a new engine has 

 been contracted for, and is nearly finished. 



Wood Distribution Pipes. Tamarack logs 

 have been used for conveying water in this city 

 for 35 years past. "When the works were pur- 

 chased and reconstructed by the city, in 1840, 

 iron mains were used, but tamarack pipes were 

 laid for general service, about 3 of which are 

 still in use. The others were mostly removed 

 to give place to iron pipes of greater capacity, 

 and but few were removed in consequence of 

 being decayed. Of the 18^ miles laid subse- 

 quently, 15 miles have failed through neglect 

 in the selection of the logs, or laying them too 

 near the surface of the ground, and have been 

 removed. Consequently from 1852 to 1857 no 

 logs were laid, when, in consequence of the 

 rapid growth of the city and expansion of the 

 settled portions of its limits, a demand was 

 made to supply near 2,000 families residing in 

 sparsely settled districts beyond the lines of 

 water pipes. To supply them by means of 

 even the minimum (4-inch) size iron pipe would 

 have been unremunerative. An investigation 



was therefore made as to the failure of the 

 wooden pipes, ;uul it was found t!,.-. 

 logs were those that \veru first laid about 17 

 years before, which hud been well -ulrrted, and 

 laid at sufficient depth, and as t i . wood- 



en pipes was but i that of iron, at tins reduced 

 price, the water rates would repay the outlay. 

 A small steam engine and Wykoff's tubular 

 boring machine were bought, since which time 

 29 miles of logs have been laid, mostly in 

 districts that could not otherwise have been 

 supplied with water from the works with any 

 present prospect of remuneration. The logs 

 are sound green tamarack, not less than 6 

 inches diameter at the small end, and 8 feet in 

 length. The joints are made with cast-iron 

 thimbles, and the lines are laid 5 ft. below the 

 surface of the earth, mostly on stiff compact 

 clay, and when the soil is sandy the logs are 

 bedded in clay. The entire cost per foot laid 

 has been 15 ,-% cts., which includes the cost of 

 shop, engine, and boring machine. 



The average annual rain fall at Detroit for 

 the past 23 years is 43 T ' s inches. 



NEW HAVEN. Water works have been re- 

 cently completed for the supply of the city of 

 New Haven, Conn. Water was introduced 

 into the distributing mains Jan. 1, 1862, and 

 there are now laid 24 miles of distributing pipes. 



Mill River, the stream from which the sup- 

 ply of water is obtained, has a water shed of 

 over 56 square miles, and a minimum flow of 

 12,000,000 gallons per day. 



The water is backed up by the dam for about 

 2J miles, forming Lake Whitney. During the 

 past year the quantity of water in the lake has 

 never been less than 500,000,000 gallons ; its 

 average depth is about 20 feet. The dam is a 

 well-built structure of its kind, being laid up 

 with heavy stones, protected from the action 

 of the water by a layer of concrete and that 

 again by a gravel bank. The pipe chamber, 

 built of hydraulic masonry, contains the gate, 

 screens, and pipe through which the water is 

 conveyed into the pump house. The elevation 

 of this pipe above the base of the dam is 17 

 feet, which leaves 13 feet of water available 

 to the uses of the company, and this is the low- 

 est point to which it is practicable to draw the 

 supply. 



The water of the lake, after passing through 

 screens in the pipe chamber in the dam, enters 

 the pump house through a 4-feet iron pipe. 

 This pipe is surrounded by a brick arched cul- 

 vert, of sufficient size to allow easy access to 

 all parts, and connects with 2 large cast-iron 

 tanks containing a series of gates. These tanks 

 are again connected by cast-iron pipes with the 

 two cast-iron fore bays, and also with the rear 

 valve boxes of the pumps. From the forebays 

 the water is conducted upon the wheels, through 

 gates placed at various points, so that the sur- 

 face water can be used upon the wheels, no 

 matter what its elevation may be. 



There are 2 pitch-back wheels 30 feet in diam- 

 eter, constructed of wood and iron. The 



