BROWNELL, THOMAS 0. 



BRUNSWICK. 



133 



elected him was the heaviest ever given in any 

 State. In the discharge of his duties as chief 

 magistrate of the State he was ever laborious, 

 patriotic, far-sighted, clear in his convictions of 

 duty, firm in their maintenance, and fearless in 

 their execution. 



BROWNELL, Right Rev. THOMAS CHTJBOH, 

 D. D., LL.D., Bishop of Connecticut, and Senior 

 and Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Epis- 

 copal Church in the United States, born at 

 Westport, Bristol county, Massachusetts, Octo- 

 ber 19, 1779, died at Hartford, Connecticut, 

 January 13, 1865. His early education was 

 obtained at a public school at Taunton, in his 

 native county, from whence he entered Rhode 

 Island College, now Brown University, in 1800, 

 and upon the removal of Dr. Maxcy, President 

 of the College, to Union College in Schenectady, 

 he accompanied him to that seat of learning, 

 where he graduated in regular course and with 

 the highest honors in 1804. The next year he 

 was appointed tutor in Latin and Greek, in 

 1807 became professor of belles-lettres and 

 moral philosophy, and in 1809 accepted the 

 chair of chemistry and mineralogy. The fol- 

 lowing year was spent in travelling through 

 England, Scotland, and Ireland, partly on foot, 

 and in collecting materials and apparatus for 

 the department under his charge. In 1813 he 

 commenced the study of theology, and having 

 changed his ecclesiastical relations from the 

 Congregational to the Episcopal Church, was 

 ordained to the first degree in the ministry by 

 Bishop Hobart in 1816. He at once engaged 

 in missionary labors in Schenectady and its vi- 

 cinity, at the same time retaining his post in 

 Union College. In 1818 he accepted the office 

 of Assistant Minister in Trinity Church, New 

 York, and in the course of the next year was 

 elected Bishop of the diocese of Connecticut, 

 and took up his residence in New Haven. 

 Under his auspices "Washington (now Trinity) 

 College in Hartford was founded in 1824, from 

 which time till 1831 he filled the office of presi- 

 dent. Bishop Brownell belonged to the old 

 orthodox party in the Church, his rejection of 

 Calvinism having been one of the reasons that 

 first attracted him toward it. He was not, 

 however, a controversialist, and surrounded as 

 -the Church was in his diocese by powerful and 

 hostile sects, his whole influence was thrown 

 on the side of harmony and union within it. 

 So successful was he in this, that although most 

 of his clergy agreed with him in his theological 

 opinions, those who belonged to the Evangeli- 

 cal party were on terms of the utmost cordiality 

 with him, and ever found him ready to give them 

 U the assistance in his power, in their parochial 

 jwid other labors. The Tractarian movement 

 was not looked upon with favor by Bishop 



Brownell, and on many questions mixed up 

 with it, particularly at the trial of Dr. Onder- 

 donk, Bishop of New York, he separated from 

 the High Churchmen, and acted with their 

 opponents. In 1851, in consequence of increas- 

 ing years and infirmities, Bishop Brownell re- 

 quired assistance in the care of his diocese, and 

 his friend and former pupil, the Rev. John Wil- 

 liams, D. D., President of Trinity College, was 

 elected and consecrated Coadjutor-Bishop, with 

 the right of succession. The next year, by 

 the death of Dr. Chase, Bishop of Illinois, he 

 became presiding bishop of the Church. The 

 duties connected with this position he had been 

 enabled to discharge until within a few years. 

 Bishop Brownell published in 1823 "The Fam- 

 ily Prayer Book," a large octavo volume, con- 

 taining a commentary on the liturgy, which 

 was followed in 1839-'46 by a compilation in 

 five volumes from the best practical and devo- 

 tional writers, entitled, " Religion of the Heart 

 and Life." He was also a frequent contributor 

 to the current literature of the day, especially 

 in the department of theology, publishing sev- 

 eral important charges to the clergy and various 

 eermons on special occasions. Bishop Brownell 

 held a conspicuous place in the Church of which 

 he was an able and devoted minister. He was 

 distinguished for his soundness of judgment and 

 his vigor of action. His episcopate extended 

 over the large space of forty-five years, and was 

 fruitful in the admirable results of wisdom, en- 

 ergy, and self-devotion. 



BRUNSWICK, a duchy in Germany. The 

 reigning sovereign is Duke William I., born 

 April 25, 1806, who undertook provisionally 

 the government of the duchy, in consequence 

 of the insurrection of September 7, 1830, and 

 subsequent flight of his brother, the reigning 

 Duke Charles, October 12, 1830. He ascended 

 the throne April 25, 1831. The present duke 

 being the last representative of the ducal house 

 and unmarried, the duchy is expected, in con- 

 sequence of "an old family treaty, to fall, at the 

 death of the present duke, to Hanover. Prus- 

 sia, however, asserts likewise a title upon Bruns- 

 wick. The area is 1,525 square miles ; the pop- 

 ulation, 1864, 292,708. The capital, Bruns- 

 wick, had, in 1864, 45,450 inhabitants. In 1861, 

 of the total population in that year (281,708), 

 276, 922 were Lutherans; 993 Reformed; 2,633 

 Roman Catholics; 99 Dissidents ; 1,061 Israel- 

 ites. The legislative power is vested in one 

 Chamber, consisting of forty-three members, 

 and meeting every three years. The budget is 

 voted for the period of three years, and amount- 

 ed for the three years 1864-'6tf, to 5,108,000 

 thalers. Public debt, on September, 1863, 11,- 

 384,718 thalers. The army consists of 5,359, on 

 the war footing; 2,720 on the peace footing. 



